Difference between revisions of "Sega 32X/Technical specifications"

Latest revision as of 05:49, 29 April 2023

Back to: Sega 32X.

Technical specifications for the Sega 32X.

CPU

Main CPU: Twin Hitachi SH-2 (SH7095) 32-bit RISC processors

Clock speed: 23.01136 MHz (NTSC), 22.801467 MHz (PAL)^[1]
Clock cycles: 46.022721 MHz (NTSC, 23.01136 MHz per SH-2), 45.602934 MHz (PAL, 22.801467 MHz per SH-2)
2x CPU cores: 32‑bit RISC instructions/registers, up to 4 instructions/cycle (2 instructions/cycle per SH-2),^[2] 1.3 MIPS per MHz,^[3] 59.829537 MIPS (NTSC, 29.914768 MIPS per SH-2), 59.283814 MIPS (PAL, 29.641907 MIPS per SH-2)
4x internal fixed‑point math processors:^[4] 2x MULT multiplier DSP,^[5]^[6]^[7] 2x DIVU division units,^[5]^[6] parallel processing^[8]

2x MULT multiplier DSP: 46.022721 MOPS (NTSC, 23.01136 MOPS per SH-2), 45.602934 MOPS (PAL, 22.801467 MOPS per SH-2)^{[fn 1]}
2x DIVU division units: 16/32/64-bit division,^[8] 1,180,069 divides/sec^{[fn 2]}

2x DMA units: 2x DMAC (Direct Memory Access Controller),^[5] parallel processing^[11]
Bus width: 64‑bit (2× 32‑bit) internal, 32‑bit external^[12]

CPU co-processors: Overlay/Underlay processors

Mega Drive CPU:

Motorola M68000 — 7.670453 MHz (NTSC), 7.600489 MHz (PAL),^[1] 16/32-bit instructions, 32-bit internal data bus, 16-bit external data bus, 1.342329 MIPS (NTSC), 1.330085 MIPS (PAL)
Zilog Z80 — 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 3.546894 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit instructions, 8-bit data bus, 0.519034 MIPS (NTSC), 0.514299 MIPS (PAL)

Sega CD CPU: Motorola M68000 — 12.5 MHz, 2.1875 MIPS

Graphics

32X graphics chip: Sega 32X VDP (Sega Custom LSI) @ 23.01136 MHz (NTSC), 22.801467 MHz (PAL)^[13]^[1]

Data bus width: 32-bit (16-bit per framebuffer)
Word length: 16-bit

Features: 3D polygon graphics, Gouraud shading, texture mapping, more sprites, quicker animation^[14]
Color palette: 32,768 colors^[15]
Double-buffered framebuffer with three modes:^[16]

8bpp "packed pixel" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is an index into CRAM (can use full screen)
16bpp "run length" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is both a number of pixels to display and the index of CRAM (limits screen size)
16bpp "direct color" mode: 32,768 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is the color value (limits screen size)

VRAM: 256 KB, split into two 128 KB segments for each framebuffer. A priority system allows partial overlaying/underlaying of Mega Drive/Mega-CD graphics.

Sprites, polygons and textures accessed from 256 KB main SDRAM and 4–8 MB ROM cartridge.

Resolutions: 320×224, 320×240,^[16] 320×204 (direct color),^[17] 320×408 (8bpp)^[18]

Overscan: 450×262 (NTSC), 450×313 (PAL)^[19]

Refresh rate: 60 Hz (NTSC), 50 Hz (PAL)

Maximum frame rate: 60 FPS (NTSC), 50 FPS (PAL)

Framebuffer bandwidth: 72.727272 MB/s (36.363636 MB/s per framebuffer)^[20]^[21]

SH-2: 36.363636 MB/s (read/write, 1 byte/cycle per SH-2)^[22]
32X VDP: 29.488906 MB/s (14.148 MB/s read,^[19] 15.340906 MB/s write)^[23]^[24]
68000: 1.917613 MB/s (read/write, 4 cycles/byte)^[25]

Framebuffer fillrate: 18.181818 MPixels/s (16bpp), 36.363636 MPixels/s (8bpp)^[18]^[26]

SH-2: 18.181818 MPixels/s (16bpp),^[22]^[21] 36.363636 MPixels/s (8bpp)
32X VDP: 7.670453 MPixels/s (16bpp), 15.340906 MPixels/s (8bpp)
68000: 958,806 pixels/s (16bpp), 1.917613 MPixels/s (8bpp)

3D polygon geometry calculations:^{[fn 3]}

Polygon transformations: Up to 260,000 polygons/sec (130,000 polygons/sec per CPU)^{[fn 4]}
Lighting calculations: Up to 230,000 polygons/sec (flat),^{[fn 5]} 180,000 polygons/sec (Gouraud)^{[fn 6]}

Theoretical 3D polygon rendering performance, with both CPUs dedicated to graphics:

Flat shading: Up to 160,000 polygons/sec^{[fn 7]}
Gouraud shading: Up to 100,000 polygons/sec^{[fn 8]}
Texture mapping: Up to 50,000 polygons/sec^[32]^{[fn 9]}
Texture Gouraud shading: Up to 40,000 polygons/sec^{[fn 10]}

Practical 3D polygon rendering performance, with one CPU dedicated to graphics:

Flat shading: Up to 80,000 polygons/sec
Gouraud shading: Up to 50,000 polygons/sec
Texture mapping: Up to 25,000 polygons/sec
Texture Gouraud shading: Up to 20,000 polygons/sec

2D sprite/tile capabilities: Scrolling,^[34] scaling, rotation, alpha blending^[35]^[21]

Colors per sprite/tile: 128 (8bpp), 256 (8bpp), 8192 (16bpp), 32,768 (16bpp)
Tile size: 8×8 texels, 64 bytes (8bpp), 128 bytes (16bpp)
Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 320×240 texels, 64 bytes to 150 KB
Maximum sprites/tiles per frame: 3800 sprites/tiles (8bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB), 1900 sprites/tiles (16bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB)
Maximum sprites/tiles per scanline: 1463 texels, 182 sprites/tiles (8×8)

Overlay/Underlay

Overlay/Underlay graphics processors:

Mega Drive VDP — 13.423294 MHz (NTSC), 13.300856 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit data bus
Sega CD ASIC — 12.5 MHz, 32-bit (2x 16-bit) data bus

Overlay/Underlay Mega Drive VDP planes: 512–1536 color palette, 61–512 colors on screen

Sprite plane: 80 sprites/frame, 8×8 to 32×32 pixels/sprite, 16 colors/sprite, maximum 1280 sprite tiles/frame
Background planes: 2 tiled scrolling background layers, 8×8 pixels/tile, 16 colors/tile, 320×224 tilemaps, maximum 1808 tiles/frame
Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read), 6.41376 MPixels/s (write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)

Overlay/Underlay Sega CD ASIC planes: Enhanced Mega Drive VDP planes, enhanced FMV plane

Sprite/Tile planes: 128–1536 colors on screen, sprite/tile scaling and rotation
FMV plane: Full motion video, 32,768 colors on screen
Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read/write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)

Audio

Sound chip: QSound PWM @ 23.01136 MHz (NTSC), 22.801467 MHz (PAL)^[36]

Stereo PWM (Pulse Wave Modulation) mixing with Mega Drive sound; additional 2 channels (12 channels in total)
11-bit PWM, stereo PCM output,^[15] surround sound

Memory

System RAM: 648.5–1368.5 KB total, 512 KB (4 MBit) additional RAM to Mega Drive or Sega CD memory^[14]

Main RAM: 256 KB SDRAM
VRAM: 256 KB FPM DRAM (dual 128 KB framebuffers)^[36]
Mega Drive RAM: 136 KB (64 KB main, 64 KB video, 8 KB sound)
Sega CD RAM: 856 KB (512 KB main, 256 KB video, 64 KB audio)

RAM Clear Hardware: 512 bytes (used for flat-shaded polygons)^[22]
Internal processor cache: 5 KB

SH-2: 4 KB (2 KB per CPU)^[14]
32X VDP: 1 KB,^[37] including 512 bytes (256 words) color palette RAM (CRAM)^[38]

Cartridge ROM: 4–8 MB^[39]

Bandwidth

System RAM bandwidth: 118.749992 MB/s (NTSC), 118.330206 MB/s (PAL), 3 data buses, 48-bit data bus width^[13]^[21]

SDRAM: 46.02272 MB/s (NTSC, 16-bit, 23.01136 MHz, 43ns), 45.602934 MB/s (PAL, 16-bit, 22.801467 MHz, 43ns)^[40]^[41]
VRAM: 72.727272 MB/s (32-bit, 18.181818 MHz, 55 ns, 16-bit per framebuffer, 36.363636 MB/s per framebuffer, 55ns cycles, 80ns access)^[42]^[20]

Cartridge bandwidth:^[39]^[21]

Game ROM: 13.333333 MB/s (16-bit, 6.666666 MHz, 150 ns) to 28.571428 MB/s (16-bit, 14.285714 MHz, 70 ns)
Non-volatile SRAM: 6.666666 MB/s (6.666666 MHz, 150 ns) to 14.285714 MB/s (14.285714 MHz, 70 ns)

Internal processor cache bandwidth:

SH-2: 184.09088 MB/s (92.04544 MB/s per SH-2, 32-bit per SH-2)
32X VDP: 92.04544 MB/s (32-bit, 23.01136 MHz), including 46.02272 MB/s (16-bit, 23.01136 MHz) color palette RAM^[43]

Storage

Cartridge: Compatible with all Mega Drive models, JVC Wondermega can store save game/score information.
CD-ROM: If you have a Sega Mega-CD; speed same as Sega Mega-CD compatible with audio CD, CD&G, SegaCD and JVC WonderMega

Input/Output

I/O: Same as Mega Drive; 32X upgradable; can upgrade the 32X

BIOS

BIOS Revisions
BIOS Version	Machine	Download
68000	32X (US)	68000 ^(info) (292 bytes)
SH-2 Master	32X (US)	SH-2 Master ^(info) (1 kB)
SH-2 Slave	32X (US)	SH-2 Slave ^(info) (427 bytes)

Notes

↑ [1 operation per cycle^[9] 1 operation per cycle^[9]]
↑ [39 cycles per divide^[10] 39 cycles per divide^[10]]
↑ [46,022,720 DSP operations/sec, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec 46,022,720 DSP operations/sec, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec]
↑
[96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]
96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]]
↑
[128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]
↑
[192 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
192 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]
↑
[46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec (23.01136 MHz per SH-2), 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
- SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)
- 32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon
46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec (23.01136 MHz per SH-2), 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
- SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:
- 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)
- 32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon]
↑
[252 cycles (192 geometry adds/multiplies,^[27] 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops) and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,^[30]^[21] 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
- 16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon
252 cycles (192 geometry adds/multiplies,^[27] 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops) and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,^[30]^[21] 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
- 16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon]
↑
[Texture mapping:
- Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
- Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access
- 41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]
- Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon) Texture mapping:
- Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
- Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access
- 41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]
- Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon)]
↑
[Texture Gouraud shading:
- Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
- Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
- Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon) Texture Gouraud shading:
- Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
- Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
- Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
- 23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
- 25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon)]

References

Mega Drive 32X
Topics	Technical specifications \| History \| Magazine articles \| Promotional material
Hardware	Asia \| North America \| Western Europe \| Eastern Europe \| South America \| Australasia \| Africa

[1_operation_per_cycle.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU.60.22.27.7F-10] [1 operation per cycle^[9] 1 operation per cycle^[9]]

[39_cycles_per_divide.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU.60.22.27.7F-12] [39 cycles per divide^[10] 39 cycles per divide^[10]]

[46.2C022.2C720_DSP_operations.2Fsec.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.2Fsec-29] [46,022,720 DSP operations/sec, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec 46,022,720 DSP operations/sec, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec]

[96_adds.2Fmultiplies_and_9_divides_per_polygon:.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000075-QINU.60.22.27.7F.0A.2A131.2C118_polygons.2Fsec:_12.2C587.2C328_DSP_operations.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A.2A134.2C397_polygons.2Fsec:_32.2C255.2C280_SH-2_cycles_.2896_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C_144_divide_cycles.29.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000078-QINU.60.22.27.7F-31] [96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]
96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]]

[5] 131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[6] 134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]

[7] 131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[8] 134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)^[10]]

[128_adds.2Fmultiplies_and_9_divides_per_polygon:.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000007A-QINU.60.22.27.7F.0A.2A131.2C118_polygons.2Fsec:_16.2C783.2C104_DSP_operations.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A.2A103.2C160_polygons.2Fsec:_28.2C059.2C520_SH-2_cycles_.28128_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C_144_divide_cycles.29-32] [128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]

[10] 131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[11] 103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)

[12] 131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[13] 103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]

[192_adds.2Fmultiplies_and_9_divides_per_polygon:.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000007C-QINU.60.22.27.7F.0A.2A131.2C118_polygons.2Fsec:_25.2C174.2C656_SH-2_DSP_operations.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A.2A58.2C535_polygons.2Fsec:_19.2C667.2C760_SH-2_cycles_.28192_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C_144_divide_cycles.29-33] [192 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
192 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:^[27]
131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]

[15] 131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[16] 58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)

[17] 131,118 polygons/sec: 25,174,656 SH-2 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[18] 58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)]

[46.2C022.2C720_SH-2_cycles.2Fops_per_sec_.3Csmall.3E.2823.01136_MHz_per_SH-2.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.2Fsec.2C_23.01136_MHz_32X_VDP.0A.2A_SH-2:_215_cycles_.3Csmall.3E.28128_geometry_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C_30_SDRAM_cycles_for_40_bytes.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000080-QINU.60.22.27.7F_30_raster_ops.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000081-QINU.60.22.27.7F.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000082-QINU.60.22.27.7F_27_cycles_32X_VDP_command.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000085-QINU.60.22.27.7F_and_9_divides_per_polygon.2C_1_add_per_pixel.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000086-QINU.60.22.27.7F_247_cycles_and_9_divides_per_32-pixel_polygon:.0A:.2A_131.2C118_polygons.2Fsec:_32.2C386.2C146_SH-2_cycles.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A:.2A_31.2C858_polygons.2Fsec:_12.2C456.2C478_SH-2_cycles_.28247_cycles.2C_144_divide_cycles.29.0A.2A_32X_VDP:_7_cycles.2Fpoly.2C_3_cycles.2Fpixel_.3Csmall.3E.2816bpp.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000089-QINU.60.22.27.7F.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000008C-QINU.60.22.27.7F_1.5_cycles.2Fpixel_.3Csmall.3E.288bpp.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000008F-QINU.60.22.27.7F_103_cycles_per_32-pixel_16bpp_polygon.2C_55_cycles_per_32-pixel_8bpp_polygon-38] [46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec (23.01136 MHz per SH-2), 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:

131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)

32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon
46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec (23.01136 MHz per SH-2), 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:

131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)

32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon]

[20] SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:

[21] 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[22] 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)

[23] 32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon

[24] SH-2: 215 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops,^[29]^[30] 27 cycles 32X VDP command)^[23] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:

[25] 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[26] 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)

[27] 32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel (16bpp),^[23]^[24] 1.5 cycles/pixel (8bpp),^[18] 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon]

[252_cycles_.3Csmall.3E.28192_geometry_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000091-QINU.60.22.27.7F_30_SDRAM_cycles.2C_30_raster_ops.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E_and_9_divides_per_polygon.2C_3_operations.2Fscanline_per_polygon.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000092-QINU.60.22.27.7F.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-00000095-QINU.60.22.27.7F_264_cycles_and_9_divides_per_4-scanline_polygon.0A.2A_16bpp:_3_cycles_per_pixel.2C_369_SH-2_cycles_and_9_DIVU_divides_per_32-pixel_polygon-39] [252 cycles (192 geometry adds/multiplies,^[27] 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops) and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,^[30]^[21] 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon
252 cycles (192 geometry adds/multiplies,^[27] 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops) and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,^[30]^[21] 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon]

[29] 16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon

[30] 16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon]

[Texture_mapping:.0A.2AFlat_shading:_188_SH-2_cycles_.3Csmall.3E.28128_geometry_adds.2Fmultiplies.2C_30_SDRAM_cycles_for_40_bytes.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU.60.22.27.7F_30_raster_ops.29.3C.2Fsmall.3E.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000009B-QINU.60.22.27.7F.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000009C-QINU.60.22.27.7F_and_9_divides_per_polygon.2C_1_add_per_pixel.2C.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000009D-QINU.60.22.27.7F_220_SH-2_cycles_and_9_divides_per_32-pixel_polygon.0A.2ATexture_mapping:_132_SH-2_cycles_and_41_divides_per_32-texel_polygon.0A:.2A132_SH-2_cycles_per_32-texel_texture:_2_block_moves.2C_2_cycles_per_texel_.282_bytes_per_texel.29.2C_2_cycles_access.0A:.2A41_divides_per_32-texel_polygon.2C_9_divides_per_polygon.2C_32_divides_per_32-texel_polygon_.281_divide_per_texel.29.7F.27.22.60UNIQ--ref-0000009E-QINU.60.22.27.7F.0A.2ATexture_mapping:_352_SH-2_cycles_and_50_divides_per_32-texel_polygon.0A:.2A23.2C601_polygons.2Fsec:_9.2C487.2C602_SH-2_cycles.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A:.2A31.2C714_polygons.2Fsec:_36.2C535.2C118_SH-2_cycles_.281152_cycles_per_polygon.29-42] [Texture mapping:
Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access

41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]

Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon) Texture mapping:

Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access

41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]

Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon)]

[32] Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

[33] Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

[34] 132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access

[35] 41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]

[36] Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

[37] 23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[38] 31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon) Texture mapping:

[39] Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles (128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,^[28] 30 raster ops)^[29]^[30] and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,^[31] 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

[40] Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

[41] 132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access

[42] 41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel)^[33]

[43] Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

[44] 23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[45] 31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon)]

[Texture_Gouraud_shading:.0A.2AGouraud_shading:_369_SH-2_cycles_and_9_divides_per_32-pixel_polygon.0A.2ATexture_mapping:_132_SH-2_cycles_and_41_divides_per_32-texel_polygon.0A.2ATexture_Gouraud_shading:_501_SH-2_cycles_and_50_divides_per_32-texel_polygon.0A:.2A23.2C601_polygons.2Fsec:_11.2C824.2C101_SH-2_cycles.2C_1.2C180.2C069_DIVU_divides.0A:.2A25.2C379_polygons.2Fsec:_33.2C018.2C079_SH-2_cycles_.281301_cycles_per_polygon.29-43] [Texture Gouraud shading:
Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon) Texture Gouraud shading:

Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon)]

[47] Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

[48] Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

[49] Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

[50] 23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[51] 25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon) Texture Gouraud shading:

[52] Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon

[53] Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon

[54] Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon

[55] 23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides

[56] 25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon)]

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p54-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 54

[:File:Hitachi_SuperH_Programming_Manual.pdf_p390-2] File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 390

[:File:SH-2A.pdf_p2-3] File:SH-2A.pdf, page 2

[:File:Sega_Service_Manual_-_Sega_Saturn_.28PAL.29_-_013-1_-_June_1995.pdf_p-4] File:Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf

[:File:SH7604_Hardware_Manual.pdf_p3-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 3

[:File:SH7604_Hardware_Manual.pdf_p22-6] 6.0 ^6.1 File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 22

[:File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf_p23-7] File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf, page 23

[:File:SH7604_Hardware_Manual.pdf_p303-8] 8.0 ^8.1 File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 303

[:File:Hitachi_SuperH_Programming_Manual.pdf_p31-9] File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 31

[:File:Hitachi_SuperH_Programming_Manual.pdf_p155-11] 10.0 ^10.1 File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 155

[:File:SH7604_Hardware_Manual.pdf_p219-13] File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 219

[:File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf_p-14] File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf

[:File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf_p7-15] 13.0 ^13.1 File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf, page 7

[:File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf_p-16] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p-17] 15.0 ^15.1 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf

[:File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf_p7-18] 16.0 ^16.1 File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf, page 7

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p49-19] File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 49

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p50-20] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 50

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p55-21] 19.0 ^19.1 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 55

[:File:TC511664B_datasheet.pdf_p-22] 20.0 ^20.1 File:TC511664B datasheet.pdf

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p76-23] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 76

[:File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf_p9-24] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf, page 9

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p53-25] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 53

[:File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf_p51-26] 24.0 ^24.1 File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf, page 51

[:File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf_p53-27] File:Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf, page 53

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p42-28] File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 42

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.co.uk.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DiAvHt5RCHbMC.26pg.3DPA95_.27.27Design_of_Digital_Systems_and_Devices.27.27_.28pages_95-97.29.5D-30] 27.0 ^27.1 ^27.2 ^27.3 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (pages 95-97)

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p77-34] 28.0 ^28.1 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 77

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.co.uk.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DyiVRHrxFj2wC.26pg.3DPA33_.27.27Algorithms_for_Parallel_Polygon_Rendering.27.27_.28pages_33-36.29.5D-35] 29.0 ^29.1 Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering (pages 33-36)

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fsirkan.iit.bme.hu.2F.7Eszirmay.2Fabbas.pdf.23page.3D53_Transformation_Of_Rendering_Algorithms_For_Hardware_Implementation_.28page_53.29.5D-36] 30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.co.uk.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DyiVRHrxFj2wC.26pg.3DPA35_.27.27Algorithms_for_Parallel_Polygon_Rendering.27.27_.28page_35.29.5D-37] 31.0 ^31.1 Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering (page 35)

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.co.uk.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DDbFxAgAAQBAJ.26pg.3DPA154_.27.27Service_Games:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_SEGA.27.27.2C_page_154.5D-40] Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA, page 154

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fbooks.google.co.uk.2Fbooks.3Fid.3DteMHqC2BnuYC.26pg.3DPA110_.27.27State_of_the_Art_in_Computer_Graphics:_Visualization_and_Modeling.27.27_.28page_110.29.5D-41] State of the Art in Computer Graphics: Visualization and Modeling (page 110)

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p51-44] File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 51

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fgithub.com.2Fehaliewicz.2Fsprite-engine_Sprite_engine_for_the_Sega_32X.5D-45] Sprite engine for the Sega 32X

[:File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf_p-46] 36.0 ^36.1 File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf_p41-47] File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 41

[:File:32XUSHardwareManual_p13-48] File:32XUSHardwareManual, page 13

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fdevster.monkeeh.com.2Fsega.2F32xguide1.txt_Dr._DevSter.27s_Guide_to_The_Sega_32X.5D-49] 39.0 ^39.1 Dr. DevSter's Guide to The Sega 32X

[:File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf_p17-50] File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf, page 17

[:File:UPD4504161_datasheet.pdf_p-51] File:UPD4504161 datasheet.pdf

[:File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf_p22-52] File:Genesis32XUSManual.pdf, page 22

[:File:Genesis32XUSManual_p7-53] File:Genesis32XUSManual, page 7

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 __TOC__
+The following are upgrades over the [[Sega Mega Drive]] technical specifications.
+:''See [[Sega Mega Drive/Technical specifications|Sega Mega Drive technical specifications]] for details of the base Mega Drive hardware''
 *System master clock rate: 53.693175 MHz ([[NTSC]]), 53.203424 MHz ([[PAL]]){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 13: @@
 {{multicol|
 * Main CPU: Twin [[Hitachi]] [[SH-2]] (SH7095) 32-bit RISC processors
-** Clock speed: 23.01136&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 22.801467&nbsp;MHz (PAL){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}}
+:* Clock speed: 23.01136&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 22.801467&nbsp;MHz (PAL){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}}
-** Clock cycles: 46.022721 MHz (NTSC, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz per SH-2), 45.602934 MHz (PAL, 22.801467&nbsp;MHz per SH-2)
+:* Clock cycles: 46.022721 MHz (NTSC, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz per SH-2), 45.602934 MHz (PAL, 22.801467&nbsp;MHz per SH-2)
-** 2x CPU cores: 32‑bit [[wikipedia:Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] instructions/[[wikipedia:Processor register|registers]], up to 4 instructions/cycle (2 instructions/cycle per SH-2),{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=390}} 1.3&nbsp;MIPS per MHz,{{fileref|SH-2A.pdf|page=2}} 59.829537&nbsp;[[wikipedia:Instructions per second|MIPS]] (NTSC, 29.914768&nbsp;MIPS per SH-2), 59.283814 MIPS (PAL, 29.641907 MIPS per SH-2)
+:* 2x CPU cores: 32‑bit [[wikipedia:Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] instructions/[[wikipedia:Processor register|registers]], up to 4 instructions/cycle (2 instructions/cycle per SH-2),{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=390}} 1.3&nbsp;MIPS per MHz,{{fileref|SH-2A.pdf|page=2}} 59.829537&nbsp;[[wikipedia:Instructions per second|MIPS]] (NTSC, 29.914768&nbsp;MIPS per SH-2), 59.283814 MIPS (PAL, 29.641907 MIPS per SH-2)
-** 4x internal [[wikipedia:Fixed-point arithmetic|fixed‑point]] math processors:{{fileref|Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf}} 2x MULT multiplier DSP,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}}{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=22}}{{fileref|ST-103-R1-040194.pdf|page=23}} 2x DIVU division units,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}}{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=22}} parallel processing{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=303}}
+:* 4x internal [[wikipedia:Fixed-point arithmetic|fixed‑point]] math processors:{{fileref|Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf}} 2x MULT multiplier DSP,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}}{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=22}}{{fileref|ST-103-R1-040194.pdf|page=23}} 2x DIVU division units,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}}{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=22}} parallel processing{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=303}}
-*** 2x MULT multiplier DSP: 46.022721 MOPS (NTSC, 23.01136 MOPS per SH-2), 45.602934 MOPS (PAL, 22.801467 MOPS per SH-2){{ref|1 operation per cycle{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=31}}|group=fn}}
+::* 2x MULT multiplier DSP: 46.022721 MOPS (NTSC, 23.01136 MOPS per SH-2), 45.602934 MOPS (PAL, 22.801467 MOPS per SH-2){{ref|1 operation per cycle{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=31}}|group=fn}}
-*** 2x DIVU division units: 16/32/64-bit division,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=303}} 1,180,069 divides/sec{{ref|39 cycles per divide{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=155}}|group=fn}}
+::* 2x DIVU division units: 16/32/64-bit division,{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=303}} 1,180,069 divides/sec{{ref|39 cycles per divide{{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=155}}|group=fn}}
-** 2x DMA units: 2x DMAC (Direct Memory Access Controller),{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}} parallel processing{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=219}}
+:* 2x DMA units: 2x DMAC (Direct Memory Access Controller),{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=3}} parallel processing{{fileref|SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf|page=219}}
-** [[wikipedia:Bus (computing)|Bus]] width: 64‑bit (2× 32‑bit) internal, 32‑bit external{{fileref|ST-103-R1-040194.pdf}}
+:* [[wikipedia:Bus (computing)|Bus]] width: 64‑bit (2× 32‑bit) internal, 32‑bit external{{fileref|ST-103-R1-040194.pdf}}
 * CPU co-processors: Overlay/Underlay processors
-** [[Mega Drive]] CPU:
+:* [[Mega Drive]] CPU:
-*** [[Motorola]] [[M68000]] — 7.670453&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 7.600489&nbsp;MHz (PAL),{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}} 16/32-bit instructions, 32-bit internal data bus, 16-bit external data bus, 1.342329&nbsp;MIPS (NTSC), 1.330085&nbsp;MIPS (PAL)
+::* [[Motorola]] [[M68000]] — 7.670453&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 7.600489&nbsp;MHz (PAL),{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}} 16/32-bit instructions, 32-bit internal data bus, 16-bit external data bus, 1.342329&nbsp;MIPS (NTSC), 1.330085&nbsp;MIPS (PAL)
-*** [[Zilog Z80]] — 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 3.546894 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit instructions, 8-bit data bus, 0.519034&nbsp;MIPS (NTSC), 0.514299 MIPS (PAL)
+::* [[Zilog Z80]] — 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 3.546894 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit instructions, 8-bit data bus, 0.519034&nbsp;MIPS (NTSC), 0.514299 MIPS (PAL)
-** [[Sega CD]] CPU: Motorola M68000 — 12.5 MHz, 2.1875 MIPS
+:* [[Sega CD]] CPU: Motorola M68000 — 12.5 MHz, 2.1875 MIPS
 }}
@@ Line 27: / Line 31: @@
 {{multicol|
 * 32X graphics chip: Sega 32X [[VDP]] ([[Sega]] Custom [[wikipedia:Large scale integration|LSI]]) @ 23.01136&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 22.801467&nbsp;MHz (PAL){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=7}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=54}}
-** Data bus width: 32-bit (16-bit per framebuffer)
+:* Data bus width: 32-bit (16-bit per framebuffer)
-** Word length: 16-bit
+:* Word length: 16-bit
 * Features: 3D polygon graphics, Gouraud shading, texture mapping, more [[sprite]]s, quicker animation{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf}}
 * Color [[palette]]: 32,768&nbsp;colors{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf}}
 * Double-buffered framebuffer with three modes:{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=7}}
-** 8bpp "packed pixel" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is an index into CRAM (can use full screen)
+:* 8bpp "packed pixel" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is an index into CRAM (can use full screen)
-** 16bpp "run length" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is both a number of pixels to display and the index of CRAM (limits screen size)
+:* 16bpp "run length" mode: 256 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is both a number of pixels to display and the index of CRAM (limits screen size)
-** 16bpp "direct color" mode: 32,768 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is the color value (limits screen size)
+:* 16bpp "direct color" mode: 32,768 simultaneous colors on screen; each pixel is the color value (limits screen size)
 * [[VRAM]]: 256&nbsp;[[Byte|KB]], split into two 128 KB segments for each framebuffer. A priority system allows partial overlaying/underlaying of Mega Drive/Mega-CD graphics.
-** Sprites, polygons and textures accessed from 256 KB main SDRAM and 4–8 MB ROM cartridge.
+:* Sprites, polygons and textures accessed from 256 KB main SDRAM and 4–8 MB ROM cartridge.
 * Resolutions: 320×224, 320×240,{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=7}} 320×204 (direct color),{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=49}} 320×408 (8bpp){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=50}}
-** Overscan: 450×262 (NTSC), 450×313 (PAL){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=55}}
+:* Overscan: 450×262 (NTSC), 450×313 (PAL){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=55}}
 * Refresh rate: 60 Hz (NTSC), 50 Hz (PAL)
-** Maximum frame rate: 60 FPS (NTSC), 50 FPS (PAL)
+:* Maximum frame rate: 60 FPS (NTSC), 50 FPS (PAL)
 * Framebuffer [[Byte|bandwidth]]: 72.727272 [[Byte|MB/s]] (36.363636 MB/s per framebuffer){{fileref|TC511664B datasheet.pdf}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}}
-** SH-2: 36.363636 MB/s (read/write, 1 byte/cycle per SH-2){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=9}}
+:* SH-2: 36.363636 MB/s (read/write, 1 byte/cycle per SH-2){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=9}}
-** 32X VDP: 29.488906 MB/s (14.148 MB/s read,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=55}} 15.340906 MB/s write){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=53}}{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=51}}
+:* 32X VDP: 29.488906 MB/s (14.148 MB/s read,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=55}} 15.340906 MB/s write){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=53}}{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=51}}
-** 68000: 1.917613 MB/s (read/write, 4 cycles/byte){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=53}}
+:* 68000: 1.917613 MB/s (read/write, 4 cycles/byte){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=53}}
 * Framebuffer [[fillrate]]: 18.181818 [[Pixel|MPixels/s]] (16bpp), 36.363636 MPixels/s (8bpp){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=50}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=42}}
-** SH-2: 18.181818 MPixels/s <small>(16bpp)</small>,{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=9}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 36.363636 MPixels/s <small>(8bpp)</small>
+:* SH-2: 18.181818 MPixels/s <small>(16bpp)</small>,{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=9}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 36.363636 MPixels/s <small>(8bpp)</small>
-** 32X VDP: 7.670453 MPixels/s <small>(16bpp)</small>, 15.340906 MPixels/s <small>(8bpp)</small>
+:* 32X VDP: 7.670453 MPixels/s <small>(16bpp)</small>, 15.340906 MPixels/s <small>(8bpp)</small>
-** 68000: 958,806 [[Pixel|pixels/s]] (16bpp), 1.917613 MPixels/s (8bpp)
+:* 68000: 958,806 [[Pixel|pixels/s]] (16bpp), 1.917613 MPixels/s (8bpp)
 * 3D polygon geometry calculations:{{ref|46,022,720 DSP operations/sec, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec|group=fn}}
-** Polygon transformations: 260,000 polygons/sec{{ref|96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}
+:* Polygon transformations: Up to 260,000 polygons/sec (130,000 polygons/sec per CPU){{ref|96 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}
 *131,118 polygons/sec: 12,587,328 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
 *134,397 polygons/sec: 32,255,280 SH-2 cycles (96 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles){{fileref|Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf|page=155}}
 |group=fn}}
-** [[wikipedia:Transform and lighting|Lighting calculations]]: 230,000 polygons/sec (flat),{{ref|128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}
+:* [[wikipedia:Transform and lighting|Lighting calculations]]: Up to 230,000 polygons/sec (flat),{{ref|128 adds/multiplies and 9 divides per polygon:{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}
 *131,118 polygons/sec: 16,783,104 DSP operations, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
 *103,160 polygons/sec: 28,059,520 SH-2 cycles (128 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
@@ Line 61: / Line 65: @@
 *58,535 polygons/sec: 19,667,760 SH-2 cycles (192 adds/multiplies, 144 divide cycles)
 |group=fn}}
-* 3D polygon rendering:
+* Theoretical 3D polygon rendering performance, with both CPUs dedicated to graphics:
-** [[wikipedia:Flat shading|Flat shading]]: 160,000 polygons/sec{{ref|46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec <small>(23.01136 MHz per SH-2)</small>, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
+:* [[wikipedia:Flat shading|Flat shading]]: Up to 160,000 polygons/sec{{ref|46,022,720 SH-2 cycles/ops per sec <small>(23.01136 MHz per SH-2)</small>, 1,180,069 DIVU divides/sec, 23.01136 MHz 32X VDP
 * SH-2: 215 cycles <small>(128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=77}} 30 raster ops,{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yiVRHrxFj2wC&pg=PA33 ''Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering'' (pages 33-36)]}}{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}} 27 cycles 32X VDP command)</small>{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=53}} and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yiVRHrxFj2wC&pg=PA35 ''Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering'' (page 35)]}} 247 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon:
-** 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
+:* 131,118 polygons/sec: 32,386,146 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
-** 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)
+:* 31,858 polygons/sec: 12,456,478 SH-2 cycles (247 cycles, 144 divide cycles)
 * 32X VDP: 7 cycles/poly, 3 cycles/pixel <small>(16bpp)</small>,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=53}}{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=51}} 1.5 cycles/pixel <small>(8bpp)</small>,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=50}} 103 cycles per 32-pixel 16bpp polygon, 55 cycles per 32-pixel 8bpp polygon
 |group=fn}}
-** [[wikipedia:Gouraud shading|Gouraud shading]]: 100,000 polygons/sec{{ref|252 cycles <small>(192 geometry adds/multiplies,{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}} 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops)</small> and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
+:* [[wikipedia:Gouraud shading|Gouraud shading]]: Up to 100,000 polygons/sec{{ref|252 cycles <small>(192 geometry adds/multiplies,{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}} 30 SDRAM cycles, 30 raster ops)</small> and 9 divides per polygon, 3 operations/scanline per polygon,{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 264 cycles and 9 divides per 4-scanline polygon
 * 16bpp: 3 cycles per pixel, 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 DIVU divides per 32-pixel polygon
 |group=fn}}
-** Texture mapping: 50,000 polygons/sec{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DbFxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ''Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA'', page 154]}}{{ref|1=Texture mapping:
+:* Texture mapping: Up to 50,000 polygons/sec{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DbFxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 ''Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA'', page 154]}}{{ref|1=Texture mapping:
 *Flat shading: 188 SH-2 cycles <small>(128 geometry adds/multiplies, 30 SDRAM cycles for 40 bytes,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=77}} 30 raster ops)</small>{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yiVRHrxFj2wC&pg=PA33 ''Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering'' (pages 33-36)]}}{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}} and 9 divides per polygon, 1 add per pixel,{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yiVRHrxFj2wC&pg=PA35 ''Algorithms for Parallel Polygon Rendering'' (page 35)]}} 220 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
 *Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
-**132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access
+:*132 SH-2 cycles per 32-texel texture: 2 block moves, 2 cycles per texel (2 bytes per texel), 2 cycles access
-**41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel){{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=teMHqC2BnuYC&pg=PA110 ''State of the Art in Computer Graphics: Visualization and Modeling'' (page 110)]}}
+:*41 divides per 32-texel polygon, 9 divides per polygon, 32 divides per 32-texel polygon (1 divide per texel){{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=teMHqC2BnuYC&pg=PA110 ''State of the Art in Computer Graphics: Visualization and Modeling'' (page 110)]}}
 *Texture mapping: 352 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
-**23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
+:*23,601 polygons/sec: 9,487,602 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
-**31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon)
+:*31,714 polygons/sec: 36,535,118 SH-2 cycles (1152 cycles per polygon)
 |group=fn}}
-** Texture Gouraud shading: 40,000 polygons/sec{{ref|1=Texture Gouraud shading:
+:* Texture Gouraud shading: Up to 40,000 polygons/sec{{ref|1=Texture Gouraud shading:
 *Gouraud shading: 369 SH-2 cycles and 9 divides per 32-pixel polygon
 *Texture mapping: 132 SH-2 cycles and 41 divides per 32-texel polygon
 *Texture Gouraud shading: 501 SH-2 cycles and 50 divides per 32-texel polygon
-**23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
+:*23,601 polygons/sec: 11,824,101 SH-2 cycles, 1,180,069 DIVU divides
-**25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon)
+:*25,379 polygons/sec: 33,018,079 SH-2 cycles (1301 cycles per polygon)
 |group=fn}}
+* Practical 3D polygon rendering performance, with one CPU dedicated to graphics:
+:* Flat shading: Up to 80,000 polygons/sec
+:* Gouraud shading: Up to 50,000 polygons/sec
+:* Texture mapping: Up to 25,000 polygons/sec
+:* Texture Gouraud shading: Up to 20,000 polygons/sec
 * 2D [[sprite]]/[[wikipedia:Tile-based video game|tile]] capabilities: Scrolling,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=51}} scaling, rotation, [[wikipedia:Alpha blending|alpha blending]]{{ref|[https://github.com/ehaliewicz/sprite-engine Sprite engine for the Sega 32X]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}}
-** Colors per sprite/tile: 128 (8bpp), 256 (8bpp), 8192 (16bpp), 32,768 (16bpp)
+:* Colors per sprite/tile: 128 (8bpp), 256 (8bpp), 8192 (16bpp), 32,768 (16bpp)
-** Tile size: 8×8 [[texel]]s, 64 bytes (8bpp), 128 bytes (16bpp)
+:* Tile size: 8×8 [[texel]]s, 64 bytes (8bpp), 128 bytes (16bpp)
-** Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 320×240 texels, 64 [[byte]]s to 150 KB
+:* Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 320×240 texels, 64 [[byte]]s to 150 KB
-** Maximum sprites/tiles per frame: 3800 sprites/tiles <small>(8bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB)</small>, 1900 sprites/tiles <small>(16bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB)</small>
+:* Maximum sprites/tiles per frame: 3800 sprites/tiles <small>(8bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB)</small>, 1900 sprites/tiles <small>(16bpp, 8×8, 237.5 KB)</small>
-** Maximum sprites/tiles per scanline: 1463 texels, 182 sprites/tiles (8×8)
+:* Maximum sprites/tiles per scanline: 1463 texels, 182 sprites/tiles (8×8)
 }}
@@ Line 98: / Line 107: @@
 {{multicol|
 * Overlay/Underlay graphics processors:
-** Mega Drive [[VDP]] — 13.423294 MHz (NTSC), 13.300856 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit data bus
+:* Mega Drive [[VDP]] — 13.423294 MHz (NTSC), 13.300856 MHz (PAL), 8/16-bit data bus
-** Sega CD [[Sega Mega-CD#Technical specifications|ASIC]] — 12.5 MHz, 32-bit (2x 16-bit) data bus
+:* Sega CD [[Sega Mega-CD#Technical specifications|ASIC]] — 12.5 MHz, 32-bit (2x 16-bit) data bus
 * Overlay/Underlay [[Mega Drive]] [[VDP]] planes: 512–1536 color palette, 61–512 colors on screen
-** Sprite plane: 80 sprites/frame, 8×8 to 32×32 pixels/sprite, 16 colors/sprite, maximum 1280 sprite tiles/frame
+:* Sprite plane: 80 sprites/frame, 8×8 to 32×32 pixels/sprite, 16 colors/sprite, maximum 1280 sprite tiles/frame
-** Background planes: 2 tiled scrolling background layers, 8×8 pixels/tile, 16&nbsp;colors/tile, 320×224 tilemaps, maximum 1808 tiles/frame
+:* Background planes: 2 tiled scrolling background layers, 8×8 pixels/tile, 16&nbsp;colors/tile, 320×224 tilemaps, maximum 1808 tiles/frame
-** Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read), 6.41376 MPixels/s (write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)
+:* Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read), 6.41376 MPixels/s (write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)
 * Overlay/Underlay [[Sega CD]] ASIC planes: Enhanced Mega Drive VDP planes, enhanced FMV plane
-** Sprite/Tile planes: 128–1536 colors on screen, sprite/tile scaling and rotation
+:* Sprite/Tile planes: 128–1536 colors on screen, sprite/tile scaling and rotation
-** FMV plane: Full motion video, 32,768 colors on screen
+:* FMV plane: Full motion video, 32,768 colors on screen
-** Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read/write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)
+:* Fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (read/write), 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s (effective tile fillrate)
 }}
 ==Audio==
 * Sound chip: [[QSound]] PWM @ 23.01136&nbsp;MHz (NTSC), 22.801467&nbsp;MHz (PAL){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf}}
-** Stereo [[wikipedia:Pulse-width modulation|PWM]] (Pulse Wave Modulation) mixing with Mega Drive sound; additional 2 channels (12 channels in total)
+:* Stereo [[wikipedia:Pulse-width modulation|PWM]] (Pulse Wave Modulation) mixing with Mega Drive sound; additional 2 channels (12 channels in total)
-** 11-bit PWM, stereo [[PCM]] output,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf}} [[wikipedia:Surround sound|surround sound]]
+:* 11-bit PWM, stereo [[PCM]] output,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf}} [[wikipedia:Surround sound|surround sound]]
 ==Memory==
 {{multicol|
 * System [[RAM]]: 648.5–1368.5 [[Byte|KB]] total, 512&nbsp;KB (4&nbsp;[[Bit|MBit]]) additional RAM to Mega Drive or Sega CD memory{{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf}}
-** Main RAM: 256 KB [[wikipedia:SDRAM|SDRAM]]
+:* Main RAM: 256 KB [[wikipedia:SDRAM|SDRAM]]
-** [[VRAM]]: 256 KB [[wikipedia:FPM DRAM|FPM DRAM]] (dual 128 KB framebuffers){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf}}
+:* [[VRAM]]: 256 KB [[wikipedia:FPM DRAM|FPM DRAM]] (dual 128 KB framebuffers){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf}}
-** Mega Drive RAM: 136&nbsp;KB (64&nbsp;KB main, 64&nbsp;KB video, 8&nbsp;KB sound)
+:* Mega Drive RAM: 136&nbsp;KB (64&nbsp;KB main, 64&nbsp;KB video, 8&nbsp;KB sound)
-** Sega CD RAM: 856&nbsp;KB (512&nbsp;KB main, 256&nbsp;KB video, 64&nbsp;KB audio)
+:* Sega CD RAM: 856&nbsp;KB (512&nbsp;KB main, 256&nbsp;KB video, 64&nbsp;KB audio)
 * RAM Clear Hardware: 512 [[byte]]s (used for flat-shaded polygons){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf|page=9}}
 * Internal processor cache: 5 KB
-** SH-2: 4 KB (2 KB per CPU){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf}}
+:* SH-2: 4 KB (2 KB per CPU){{fileref|Genesis32XUSOverview.pdf}}
-** 32X VDP: 1 KB,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=41}} including 512 [[byte]]s (256 words) color palette RAM (CRAM){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual|page=13}}
+:* 32X VDP: 1 KB,{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=41}} including 512 [[byte]]s (256 words) color palette RAM (CRAM){{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual|page=13}}
 * [[Cartridge]] [[ROM]]: 4–8 MB{{ref|[http://devster.monkeeh.com/sega/32xguide1.txt Dr. DevSter's Guide to The Sega 32X]}}
 }}
@@ Line 132: / Line 141: @@
 {{multicol|
 * System RAM bandwidth: 118.749992 [[Byte|MB/s]] (NTSC), 118.330206 MB/s (PAL), 3 data buses, 48-bit data bus width{{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=7}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}}
-** SDRAM: 46.02272 MB/s (NTSC, 16-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz, 43ns), 45.602934 MB/s (PAL, 16-bit, 22.801467 MHz, 43ns){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=17}}{{fileref|UPD4504161 datasheet.pdf}}
+:* SDRAM: 46.02272 MB/s (NTSC, 16-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz, 43ns), 45.602934 MB/s (PAL, 16-bit, 22.801467 MHz, 43ns){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=17}}{{fileref|UPD4504161 datasheet.pdf}}
-** VRAM: 72.727272&nbsp;MB/s (32-bit, 18.181818&nbsp;MHz, 55&nbsp;[[wikipedia:Nanosecond|ns]], 16-bit per framebuffer, 36.363636 MB/s per framebuffer, 55ns cycles, 80ns access){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=22}}{{fileref|TC511664B datasheet.pdf}}
+:* VRAM: 72.727272&nbsp;MB/s (32-bit, 18.181818&nbsp;MHz, 55&nbsp;[[wikipedia:Nanosecond|ns]], 16-bit per framebuffer, 36.363636 MB/s per framebuffer, 55ns cycles, 80ns access){{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual.pdf|page=22}}{{fileref|TC511664B datasheet.pdf}}
 * [[Cartridge]] bandwidth:{{ref|[http://devster.monkeeh.com/sega/32xguide1.txt Dr. DevSter's Guide to The Sega 32X]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}}
-** Game ROM: 13.333333&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 6.666666&nbsp;MHz, 150&nbsp;ns) to 28.571428&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 14.285714&nbsp;MHz, 70&nbsp;ns)
+:* Game ROM: 13.333333&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 6.666666&nbsp;MHz, 150&nbsp;ns) to 28.571428&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 14.285714&nbsp;MHz, 70&nbsp;ns)
-** Non-volatile [[SRAM]]: 6.666666&nbsp;MB/s (6.666666&nbsp;MHz, 150&nbsp;ns) to 14.285714&nbsp;MB/s (14.285714&nbsp;MHz, 70&nbsp;ns)
+:* Non-volatile [[SRAM]]: 6.666666&nbsp;MB/s (6.666666&nbsp;MHz, 150&nbsp;ns) to 14.285714&nbsp;MB/s (14.285714&nbsp;MHz, 70&nbsp;ns)
 * Internal processor cache bandwidth:
-** SH-2: 184.09088&nbsp;MB/s (92.04544&nbsp;MB/s per SH-2, 32-bit per SH-2)
+:* SH-2: 184.09088&nbsp;MB/s (92.04544&nbsp;MB/s per SH-2, 32-bit per SH-2)
-** 32X VDP: 92.04544&nbsp;MB/s (32-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz), including 46.02272&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz) color palette RAM{{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual|page=7}}
+:* 32X VDP: 92.04544&nbsp;MB/s (32-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz), including 46.02272&nbsp;MB/s (16-bit, 23.01136&nbsp;MHz) color palette RAM{{fileref|Genesis32XUSManual|page=7}}
 }}
@@ Line 148: / Line 157: @@
 ==Input/Output==
 * I/O: Same as Mega Drive; 32X upgradable; can upgrade the 32X
+==BIOS==
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"
+|+ BIOS Revisions
+|-
+! width="50"| BIOS Version
+! Machine
+! Download
+|-
+| 68000
+| 32X (US)
+| {{file|32X BIOS 68k.7z|68000}}
+|-
+| SH-2 Master
+| 32X (US)
+| {{file|32X BIOS SH-2 Master.7z|SH-2 Master}}
+|-
+| SH-2 Slave
+| 32X (US)
+| {{file|32X BIOS SH-2 Slave.7z|SH-2 Slave}}
+|}
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 158: / Line 188: @@
 <references />
 |cols=3}}
+{{MegaDrive32X}}
 [[Category:Sega 32X|Technical specifications]]
+[[Category:32X hardware|Technical specifications]]
+[[Category:Technical specifications|32X]]

Difference between revisions of "Sega 32X/Technical specifications"

From Sega Retro

Latest revision as of 05:49, 29 April 2023

Contents

CPU

Graphics

Overlay/Underlay

Audio

Memory

Bandwidth

Storage

Input/Output

BIOS

Notes

References