Difference between revisions of "Sega Hikaru"

From Sega Retro
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* Rendering [[fillrate]]:
 
* Rendering [[fillrate]]:
 
** Opaque polygons: 8 [[Pixel|GPixels/s]]{{ref|32 pixels per cycle,{{intref|Sega NAOMI}} 250 MHz|group=n}}
 
** Opaque polygons: 8 [[Pixel|GPixels/s]]{{ref|32 pixels per cycle,{{intref|Sega NAOMI}} 250 MHz|group=n}}
−
** Translucent polygons: 3.2 GPixels/s (8bpp), 1.6 GPixels/s (16bpp), 1.066 GPixels/s (24bpp){{ref|3.2 GB/s framebuffer SDRAM bandwidth|group=n}}
+
** Translucent polygons: 1.6 GPixels/s (8bpp), 800 [[Pixel|MPixels/s]] (16bpp), 533 MPixels/s (24bpp){{ref|3.2 GB/s framebuffer SDRAM bandwidth (double-buffered)|group=n}}
−
* Texture fillrate: 3.2 [[Texel|GTexels/s]] (16bpp), 2.132 GTexels/s (24bpp){{ref|8 GB/s texture bank RAM bandwidth|group=n}}
+
* Texture fillrate: 4 [[Texel|GTexels/s]] (8bpp), 2 GTexels/s (16bpp), 1.333 GTexels/s (24bpp){{ref|8 GB/s texture bank RAM bandwidth (double-buffered)|group=n}}
 
* Phong shading performance:
 
* Phong shading performance:
 
** 2 million polygons/sec: 4 lights/polygon, 100-pixel polygons{{ref|16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
 
** 2 million polygons/sec: 4 lights/polygon, 100-pixel polygons{{ref|16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
Line 130: Line 130:
 
* Flat shading performance: 190 million polygons/sec,{{ref|167 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}|group=n}} 400 million vertices/sec{{ref|67 FLOPS per vertex: 50 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}|group=n}}
 
* Flat shading performance: 190 million polygons/sec,{{ref|167 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}|group=n}} 400 million vertices/sec{{ref|67 FLOPS per vertex: 50 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}|group=n}}
 
* Texture mapping performance:
 
* Texture mapping performance:
−
** 100 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (16bpp)
+
** 120 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (8bpp)
−
** 66 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (24bpp), 48-texel (16bpp)
+
** 62 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (16bpp), 64-texel (8bpp)
 +
** 41 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (24bpp), 48-texel (16bpp), 96-texel (8bpp)
 
}}
 
}}
  

Revision as of 16:36, 19 November 2016

Hikaru mainPCB.jpg
Sega Hikaru
Manufacturer: Sega
Release Date RRP Code

The Sega Hikaru is a successor of the Sega NAOMI and Sega Model 3 arcade systems that was developed in 1998 and debuted in 1999. The Hikaru was used for a handful of deluxe dedicated-cabinet games, beginning with 1999's Brave Fire Fighters, in which the flame and water effects were largely a showpiece for the hardware.

It was significantly more powerful and expensive than the NAOMI. The Hikaru featured a custom Sega GPU with advanced graphical capabilities, additional CPU and sound processors, various custom processors, increased memory, and faster bandwidth. It was the first game platform capable of effective hardware Phong shading, the most intensive form of shading at the time, and was capable of the most complex lighting and particle effects of its time.

It was the most powerful game system of its time (Planet Harriers in particular was regarded as having the best video game graphics at the time), but it was very expensive. Since it was comparatively expensive to produce, Sega soon abandoned the Hikaru in favor of continued NAOMI development. It was succeeded by the NAOMI 2, which was not as powerful, but more affordable.

Development

According to Sega in 1999:[1]


“ Brave Firefighters utilizes a slightly modified Naomi Hardware system called Hikaru. Hikaru incorporates a custom Sega graphics chip and possesses larger memory capacity then standard Naomi systems. "These modifications were necessary because in Brave Firefighters, our engineers were faced with the daunting challenge of creating 3d images of flames and sprayed water," stated Sega's Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Barbara Joyiens. "If you stop and think about it, both have an almost infinite number of shapes, sizes, colors, levels of opaqueness, shadings and shadows. And, when you combine the two by simulating the spraying of water on a flame, you create an entirely different set of challenges for our game designers and engineers to overcome; challenges that would be extremely difficult, if not impossible to overcome utilizing existing 3D computers. Hikaru has the horsepower to handle these demanding graphic challenges with clarity, depth and precision." „


In addition, the Hikaru also uses two Hitachi SH-4 CPU processors, two Yamaha AICA sound engine processors, a Motorola 68000 network CPU, and a dual GPU setup. The Hikaru hardware was largely complete in 1998, before it was released to the public in 1999.[2] The word "Hikaru" (ひかる) means "to shine" in Japanese.

Specifications

Main

  • Main CPU: 2× Hitachi SH‑4 @ 200 MHz[5]
    • Units: 2× 128‑bit SIMD vector units with graphic functions, 2× 64‑bit floating‑point units, 2× 32‑bit fixed‑point units
    • Bus width: 256‑bit (2× 128‑bit) internal, 128‑bit (2× 64‑bit) external
    • Fixed‑point performance: 720 MIPS
    • Floating‑point performance: 2.8 GFLOPS
    • Note: With Sega Custom 3D GPU, the SH‑4's 128‑bit SIMD matrix unit can be dedicated to game physics, artificial intelligence, collision detection, overall game code, or additional graphical performance.
  • MIE bridge MCU: Sega 315‑6146 Maple‑JVS MCU (Zilog Z80)[6][7] @ 14.7456 MHz[2] (8/16‑bit instructions, 8‑bit bus, 2.14 MIPS)
  • Memory controllers: 2× Sega 315‑6154 Memory Controller @ 200 MHz (2× 32‑bit, DMA capabilities)[3][2][8]
  • Main Board PLD: 27 units, 928‑bit (25 GB/sec) internal, 640‑bit (21 GB/sec) external[2][9]
    • 2× Sega PAL (Lattice GAL16V8) GAL @ 250 MHz: 16 units (2× 8 units), 128‑bit (2× 64‑bit), DMA control, graphics processing,[10] 4 GB/sec
    • Sega 315‑6083A, 315‑6085, 315‑6086 @ 250 MHz: 3 units, 384‑bit (3× 128‑bit), 12 GB/sec
    • Sega 315‑6202 (Lattice CY37128) CPLD @ 167 MHz: 8 units, 416‑bit (8× 52‑bit) internal (9 GB/sec), 128‑bit (8× 16‑bit) external (3 GB/sec)[11]
  • Network Board processors:[2]
    • Network CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 40 MHz (16/32‑bit instructions, 16‑bit bus, 7 MIPS)[2]
    • Network PLD: FPGA @ 180 MHz (32‑bit),[12] 3× PAL @ 40 MHz, Sega 315‑5804 CPLD @ 40 MHz
    • Network processors: 2× Sega 315‑5917 @ 40 MHz
  • ROM Board processors:[2]
    • ROM Board PLD: FPGA @ 180 MHz (32‑bit),[12] CPLD/PAL @ 182 MHz (32‑bit)[13][14]
    • Security IC: Sega 315-5881 @ 28 MHz

Sound

Graphics

The Sega Hikaru uses custom 3D graphics hardware, which include the following specifications:[15][16][3]

  • Graphics Engine GPU: Sega Custom 3D GPU @ 250 MHz
  • GPU core processors: 7 processors[2][9]
    • 2× Sega GPU 15 CP Command Processors (315‑6197) @ 250 MHz: 512‑bit (2× 256‑bit), Geometry Processor
    • Sega GPU 1A Image Generator (315‑6087) @ 250 MHz: 128‑bit, rasterizer/renderer[17]
    • 2× Sega GPU DMA controllers (315‑6084) @ 250 MHz: 256‑bit (2× 128‑bit)
    • 2× Analog Devices ADV7120 Video DAC @ 80 MHz: 48‑bit (2× 24‑bit)[18]
  • GPU Geometry Processors: 2× Sega GPU 15 CP Command Processors
    • Hardware T&L: Transform, clipping, lighting
    • Materials: Flat shading, Gouraud shading, Phong shading, diffuse, ambient, specular, unlit
    • Fog: Color, transparency, density, depth blend, translucency
    • Rendering: Double‑buffered 3D rendering (odd & even frames), depth cueing, depth buffer, depth bias, face culling, static meshes, dynamic meshes
    • Shading: Flat shading, Gouraud shading, Phong shading, diffuse, ambient, specular, linear
    • Modelview matrix: Instanced drawing, multiple instances, shared attributes between models,[19] modelview stack
    • Object memory: 8 viewports, 256 modelviews, 16,384 materials (256 LOD levels), 16,384 textures/texheads (256 LOD levels), 1024 lights (256 light sets)
  • GPU DMA controllers: 2× Sega GPU DMA controllers
    • GPU IDMA (Indirect DMA) controller: Loads texture data from MaskROM (via external bus) into texture banks (with metadata), allows CPU access to texture banks
    • DMA controller: Moves textures around in framebuffer, transfers bitmap data to bitmap layers, allows CPU access to framebuffer
  • Color depth: 32‑bit ARGB, 16,777,216 colors (24‑bit color) with 8‑bit (256 levels) alpha blending, YUV and RGB color space, color key overlay
  • Display resolution: 31 kHz horizontal sync, 60 Hz refresh rate, 80 MHz Video DAC, JAMMA/VGA output, progressive scan[2][18]
    • Single monitor display: 496×384 to 800×608 (default 640×480)
    • Dual monitor display: 992×384 to 1600×608 (default 1280×480)
    • Video output: 496×384 to 1968×1080 (default 640×480)
    • Framebuffer: 496×384 to 2048×2048 (default 2048×2048)[2]
  • Lighting: 1024 lights per scene, 4 lights per polygon, 256 light sets per scene (4 lights per set), 8 window surfaces
    • Light types: Diffuse, ambient, specular, horizontal, spot
    • Emission types: Constant, linear, infinite linear, square, reciprocal, reciprocal squared
    • Object types: Lights (with individual position, direction and emission properties), lightsets (a set of up to 4 lights that share a mesh)
  • GPU capabilities: 2 bitmap layers, calendar, 16,384 vertices per mesh,[20] hidden surface removal, deferred rendering
    • Framebuffer: 2048×2048 sheet (can be partitioned into framebuffer, tile data, and/or 1‑2 bitmap layers), handled by 2 GPU 1A Image Generator rasterizers/renderers (double‑buffering), accessible by DMA controller
    • Effects: Stencil, shadows, motion blur, particle effects, fire effects, water effects,[1] fog, alpha blending, anti‑aliasing, specular effects,[21]
    • Features: Tiled rendering, deferred rendering, back‑face culling, hidden surface removal
    • Phong shading: Per‑pixel lighting/shading computation processed by rasterization pipeline,[22] deferred rendering can prevent shading of overdrawn pixels to maximize rendering bandwidth,[23] all compute units could be used as shader units to maximize Phong shading performance
  • Texture capabilities: 16×16 to 512×512 texture sizes, mipmapping, mipmap trees, texture panning, multi‑texturing, bump mapping, normal mapping, texture filtering, bilinear filtering, trilinear filtering, environment mapping[21]
    • Texture banks: 2 texture banks (stored as 2× 2048×1024 sheets), stores textures from MaskROM (with 16‑byte metadata per texture in Command RAM)
  • Floating-point performance: 33 GFLOPS[n 1]
  • Rendering fillrate:
  • Texture fillrate: 4 GTexels/s (8bpp), 2 GTexels/s (16bpp), 1.333 GTexels/s (24bpp)[n 4]
  • Phong shading performance:
    • 2 million polygons/sec: 4 lights/polygon, 100-pixel polygons[n 5]
    • 6 million polygons/sec: 4 lights/polygon, 32-pixel polygons[n 6]
    • 21 million polygons/sec: 1 light/polygon, 32-pixel polygons[n 7]
  • Gouraud shading performance:
    • 62 million polygons/sec: 4 lights/polygon,[n 8] 32-pixel polygons
    • 160 million polygons/sec: 1 light/polygon,[n 9] 50-pixel polygons
  • Flat shading performance: 190 million polygons/sec,[n 10] 400 million vertices/sec[n 11]
  • Texture mapping performance:
    • 120 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (8bpp)
    • 62 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (16bpp), 64-texel (8bpp)
    • 41 million polygons/sec: 32-texel (24bpp), 48-texel (16bpp), 96-texel (8bpp)

Memory

Bandwidth

  • Internal processor bandwidth:[2]
    • SH‑4 cache: 6.4 GB/s[n 23]
    • Sega Custom 3D GPU: 32 GB/s
    • AICA Sound Processor: 536 MB/s[n 24]
    • Z80 MIE MCU: 15 MB/s[n 25]
    • 315‑6154 Memory Controllers: 1.6 GB/s[n 26]
    • Main Board PLD: 25 GB/sec[n 27]
    • ROM Board PLD: 1.45 GB/s[n 28]
    • Network Board 68000: 80 MB/s[n 29]
    • Network Board FPGA: 720 MB/s[n 30]
  • RAM bandwidth: 35.111 GB/s[2]
    • Main RAM: 2.4 GB/s[n 31]
      • SH‑4: 1.6 GB/s (128‑bit)
      • Memory Controllers: 800 MB/s (64‑bit)
    • VRAM: 32 GB/s (1088‑bit, 4.5 ns)
      • 315‑6197 Command RAM: 16 GB/s[n 32]
      • 315‑6084 texture banks: 8 GB/s[n 33]
      • SDRAM: 7.2 GB/s[n 34]
      • Synchronous SRAM: 400 MB/s[n 35]
    • Sound RAM: 268 MB/s[n 36]
    • HM62256 SRAM: 193 MB/s[n 37]
      • MIE RAM: 15 MB/s[n 25]
      • Backup RAM: 44.444444 MB/s[n 38]
      • Network Board RAM: 133.333333 MB/s[n 39]
    • ROM Board RAM: 250 MB/s[n 40]
  • ROM bandwidth: 4 GB/s[2]
    • Boot ROM: 800 MB/s[n 41]
    • ROM Board PLD: 1.45 GB/s[n 42]
    • ROM Board Connectors: 1.5 GB/s[n 43]

Hardware Images

  • Main PCB board

  • Sound board

  • Comm board

  • ROM board (left side)

  • ROM board (right side)

  • Main board (Up Left view)

  • Main board (Up Right view)

  • Main board (Down Left view)

  • Main board (Down Right view)

  • Custom board A

  • Custom board B

  • Outer Case

  • Inside, assembled

List of Games

Notes

  1. ↑ [2 million polygons/sec, 4 lights/polygon, 16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS 2 million polygons/sec, 4 lights/polygon, 16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS]
  2. ↑ [32 pixels per cycle,[24] 250 MHz 32 pixels per cycle,[24] 250 MHz]
  3. ↑ [3.2 GB/s framebuffer SDRAM bandwidth (double-buffered) 3.2 GB/s framebuffer SDRAM bandwidth (double-buffered)]
  4. ↑ [8 GB/s texture bank RAM bandwidth (double-buffered) 8 GB/s texture bank RAM bandwidth (double-buffered)]
  5. ↑ [16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 543 FLOPS per polygon (339 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 15.796 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon (196 FLOPS per polygon, 156 FLOPS per pixel)[26] 16.339 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 543 FLOPS per polygon (339 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 15.796 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon (196 FLOPS per polygon, 156 FLOPS per pixel)[26]]
  6. ↑ [5.535 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 543 FLOPS per polygon (339 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 4.992 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon (196 FLOPS per polygon, 156 FLOPS per pixel)[26] 5.535 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon, 32.678 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 543 FLOPS per polygon (339 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 4.992 kFLOPS per 100-pixel polygon (196 FLOPS per polygon, 156 FLOPS per pixel)[26]]
  7. ↑ [1.561 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon, 32.762 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 264 FLOPS per polygon (213 FLOPS transformation, 51 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 1.297 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon (49 FLOPS per polygon, 39 FLOPS per pixel)[26] 1.561 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon, 32.762 GFLOPS
    • T&L: 264 FLOPS per polygon (213 FLOPS transformation, 51 FLOPS lighting)[25]
    • Shading: 1.297 kFLOPS per 32-pixel polygon (49 FLOPS per polygon, 39 FLOPS per pixel)[26]]
  8. ↑ [417 FLOPS per polygon: 213 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting[25] 417 FLOPS per polygon: 213 FLOPS transformation, 204 FLOPS lighting[25]]
  9. ↑ [201 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 51 FLOPS lighting[25] 201 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 51 FLOPS lighting[25]]
  10. ↑ [167 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting[25] 167 FLOPS per polygon: 150 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting[25]]
  11. ↑ [67 FLOPS per vertex: 50 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting[25] 67 FLOPS per vertex: 50 FLOPS transformation, 17 FLOPS lighting[25]]
  12. ↑ [64 MB RAM, 66 MB ROM 64 MB RAM, 66 MB ROM]
  13. ↑ [30.25 MB RAM, 256 MB ROM 30.25 MB RAM, 256 MB ROM]
  14. ↑ [16 MB RAM, 32 MB ROM 16 MB RAM, 32 MB ROM]
  15. ↑ [384 KB RAM, 96 KB cache 384 KB RAM, 96 KB cache]
  16. ↑ [32 MB per SH‑4 32 MB per SH‑4]
  17. ↑ [2× 315‑6197 2× 315‑6197]
  18. ↑ [2× 315‑6084 2× 315‑6084]
  19. ↑ [IC 44‑47[2] IC 44‑47[2]]
  20. ↑ [1 MB Geometry Processor, 1 MB Image Generator 1 MB Geometry Processor, 1 MB Image Generator]
  21. ↑ [8 MB per AICA 8 MB per AICA]
  22. ↑ [48 KB per SH‑4 CPU[34] 48 KB per SH‑4 CPU[34]]
  23. ↑ [256‑bit, 200 MHz 256‑bit, 200 MHz]
  24. ↑ [2× 32‑bit, 67 MHz 2× 32‑bit, 67 MHz]
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 [8‑bit, 14.7456 MHz 8‑bit, 14.7456 MHz]
  26. ↑ [64‑bit, 200 MHz 64‑bit, 200 MHz]
  27. ↑ [928‑bit, 250 MHz 928‑bit, 250 MHz]
  28. ↑ [2× 32‑bit, 180/182 MHz 2× 32‑bit, 180/182 MHz]
  29. ↑ [16‑bit, 40 MHz 16‑bit, 40 MHz]
  30. ↑ [32‑bit, 180 MHz[12] 32‑bit, 180 MHz[12]]
  31. ↑ [192‑bit, 100 MHz, 6 ns[27] 192‑bit, 100 MHz, 6 ns[27]]
  32. ↑ [512‑bit, 250 MHz 512‑bit, 250 MHz]
  33. ↑ [256‑bit, 250 MHz 256‑bit, 250 MHz]
  34. ↑ [9× 32‑bit, 200 MHz, 4.5 ns[28]
    • Framebuffer: 3.2 GB/s (4x 32‑bit,[2] 200 MHz)
    9× 32‑bit, 200 MHz, 4.5 ns[28]
    • Framebuffer: 3.2 GB/s (4x 32‑bit,[2] 200 MHz)]
  35. ↑ [32‑bit, 100 MHz, 5 ns[29] 32‑bit, 100 MHz, 5 ns[29]]
  36. ↑ [32‑bit, 67 MHz, 6 ns[35] 32‑bit, 67 MHz, 6 ns[35]]
  37. ↑ [72‑bit, 45 ns[30] 72‑bit, 45 ns[30]]
  38. ↑ [16‑bit, 22.222222 MHz 16‑bit, 22.222222 MHz]
  39. ↑ [48‑bit, 22.222222 MHz 48‑bit, 22.222222 MHz]
  40. ↑ [16‑bit, 125 MHz, 8 ns[31] 16‑bit, 125 MHz, 8 ns[31]]
  41. ↑ [64‑bit, 100 MHz[36] 64‑bit, 100 MHz[36]]
  42. ↑ [2× 32‑bit, 180/182 MHz[12][13][14] 2× 32‑bit, 180/182 MHz[12][13][14]]
  43. ↑ 2x 32‑bit, 182 MHz (Wayback Machine: 2016-02-28 17:27)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sega Confirms Hikaru Does Exist (November 24, 1999)
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 Sega Hikaru (MAME)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sega Hikaru Memory Controller (Valkyrie)
  4. ↑ Sega Hikaru AICA Sound Boards (Valkyrie)
  5. ↑ File:SH-4 Software Manual.pdf
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sega Hikaru MIE (Valkyrie)
  7. ↑ Demul 0.56 (1 September 2010)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sega Hikaru (Valkyrie)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 File:Hikaru rombd upright.jpg
  10. ↑ File:GAL16V8 datasheet.pdf
  11. ↑ File:CY37 datasheet.pdf
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 File:PLSI2032 datasheet.pdf
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 File:M4A3 datasheet.pdf
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 File:MACH111 datasheet.pdf
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sega Hikaru GPU (Valkyrie)
  16. ↑ Sega Hikaru GPU CP (Valkyrie)
  17. ↑ Sega Hikaru Renderer (Valkyrie)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 File:ADV7120 datasheet.pdf
  19. ↑ Instanced Rendering
  20. ↑ Sega Hikaru GPU Private (Valkyrie)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 File:NAOMI 1998 Press Release JP.pdf
  22. ↑ Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (Page 871)
  23. ↑ Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (Page 900)
  24. ↑ Sega NAOMI
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (pages 95-97)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Computer Vision and Graphics: International Conference, ICCVG 2004, Warsaw, Poland, September 2004, Proceedings (Page 78)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 File:HM5264 datasheet.pdf
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 File:HY57V161610D datasheet.pdf
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 File:UPD432232 datasheet.pdf
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 File:HM62256B datasheet.pdf
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 File:CY7C199 datasheet.pdf
  32. ↑ Planet Harriers (MAME)
  33. ↑ Hideki Sato Sega Interview (Edge)
  34. ↑ File:SH-4 32-bit CPU Core Architecture.pdf
  35. ↑ File:K4S641632 datasheet.pdf
  36. ↑ File:CY2292 datasheet.pdf


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