Difference between revisions of "VCO Object"

Latest revision as of 03:46, 12 September 2023

VCO Object

Manufacturer: Sega

Release

Date

RRP

Code

World

1981-10

?

VCO Object arcade hardware was used by Sega for a brief period between 1981 and 1983. It was Sega's second attempt at creating hardware specifically designed for sprite scaling (after the Sega Fonz hardware in 1976), something that would be widely used in the Super Scaler series of arcade hardware (Sega Hang-On, Sega OutRun, X Board, Y Board, System 32), and a handful of Sega System boards in between.

The hardware debuted with the release of Turbo, and is also known as the Turbo Hardware because of this. It is also known as the Sega Z80-3D system.^[1]

All VCO Object games rely on external LED displays for parts of the HUD. This means extra precautions must be taken when attempting to emulate VCO Object games.

Hardware

It was the first system specifically designed for pseudo-3D sprite-scaling graphics, using an analog scaling technique, with Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) generating clock signals controlling the data fetched from the sprite/object ROM; the slower the clock signal, the larger the sprite on screen.^[2]

In 1982, SubRoc-3D also introduced an active shutter 3D system, jointly developed by Sega with Matsushita (now Panasonic).^[3]

Technical specifications

VCO Object specifications

Board composition: CPU Board, Sound Board, P-ROM Board^[4]^[5]
CPU: Zilog Z80 @ 5 MHz (8/16-bit instructions, 0.725 MIPS)
Sound board: Sega Sound Board

Sound chip: Custom
Audio output: Stereo

PPI: 4x Intel 8255^[6]

Graphics

Graphics chipset:^[7]

315-0138: Custom Chip PA-06R (PAL16R4MJ)
315-0139: Custom Chip PA-06L (PAL16L8MJ)
12x 314-0101: 74LS283 4-bit Binary Full Adder with Fast Carry^[8]
Video scaling hardware: 8x Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)^[2]

Video clock rate: 9.984 MHz^[9]

Pixel clock rate: 4.992 MHz^[5]

Video resolution:^[5]

Horizontal: 256×224 (display), 320×264 (overscan)
Vertical: 224×256 (display), 264×320 (overscan)

Analog scaling resolution:^[9]

Horizontal: 512×224 (display), 640×264 (overscan)
Vertical: 224×512 (display), 264×640 (overscan)

Refresh rate: 59.090909 Hz (V-sync)^[5]

Frame rate: 59.090909 frames per second

Color palette: 832^[5]

Colors on screen: 256

Background planes:

Tilemap layer: 8×8 pixel tiles, 4 colors per tile, scrolling, tile flipping^[5]
Bitmap layer^[1]

Sprite capabilities: Pseudo-3D sprite-scaling (analog scaling), line buffer, 64 sprites on screen, 16 sprites per scanline, 4 to 8 colors per sprite^[1]^[5]

Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 256×224 texels
Sprites on screen: 128 sprites (8 KB sprite position RAM, 8 bytes per sprite position)
Fillrate: 4.992 MPixels/s
Sprites per scanline: 16 sprites, 322 texels

Memory

RAM: 12 KB^[5]

Main RAM: 4.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 bytes input)
VRAM: 7.75 KB (2 KB video, 256 bytes sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)

ROM: 153.90625 KB^[5]^[10]

Main ROM: 24 KB main
VROM: 129.875 KB
Sound ROM: 32 bytes

Bandwidth:^[11]^[7]

RAM: 5 MB/s (Fujitsu SRAM, 8-bit, 3.333333 MHz, 200 ns)^[12]^[13]
Main ROM: 5 MB/s (EPROM, 8-bit, 5 MHz, 200 ns)^[14]
VROM: 2.222222 MB/s (EPROM, 8-bit, 2.222222 MHz, 450 ns)^[15]

SubRoc-3D specifications

SubRoc-3D featured the following hardware changes and upgrades in mid-1982:^[5]

Frame rate: 30 frames per second
Color palette: 768
Stereoscopic 3D: Sega-Matsushita active shutter 3D system
RAM: 14.75 KB

Main RAM: 6.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 bytes input, 2 KB handle)
VRAM: 8.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)

ROM: 302.5 KB

Main ROM: 40 KB
VROM: 262.5 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 768 bytes color, 1.75 KB other)

Zoom specifications

Zoom 909 and Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom featured the following hardware upgrades in late 1982:^[5]

Board composition: CPU board, Sound board, ROM board
CPU: 2x Z80 @ 5 MHz (1.45 MIPS)

Zilog Z80 @ 5 MHz
Sega 315-5014 (Z80) @ 5 MHz

Frame rate: 60 frames per second
Color palette: 1536

Colors on screen: 1024

RAM: 104 KB (SRAM)

Main RAM: 39.5 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 bytes input, 2 KB handle, 2 KB CPU 2 mirror, 31.25 KB other)
VRAM: 64.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear, 56 KB bitmap)

ROM: 310.5625 KB

Main ROM: 40 KB
VROM: 270.5625 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 9.5 KB color, 1.0625 KB other)

List of games

Only a small handful of games make use of VCO Object hardware:

Turbo (1981)
SubRoc-3D (1982)
Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom (1982)
Zoom 909 (1982)

References

Sega arcade boards
Originating in arcades
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 VIC Dual G80 Zaxxon VCO Object System 1 LaserDisc Appoooh Hang-On System 2 System 16 OutRun Gigas X Board Y Board System 24 System 18 System 32 Model 1 Model 2 H1 Board Model 3
Console-based hardware
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 SG-1000 System E System C Mega-Tech System Mega Play Sega Titan Video NAOMI Hikaru NAOMI 2 Atomiswave System SP Chihiro Triforce
PC-based hardware
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Lindbergh Europa-R RingEdge RingWide RingEdge 2 Nu Nu 1.1 Nu 2 ALLS

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fgithub.com.2Fmamedev.2Fmame.2Fblob.2Fmaster.2Fsrc.2Fmame.2Fvideo.2Fturbo.cpp_Sega_Z80-3D_system_.28video_hardware.29_.28MAME.29.5D-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Sega Z80-3D system (video hardware) (MAME)

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fwww.system16.com.2Fhardware.php.3Fid.3D690_Sega_VCO_Object_Hardware_.28System_16.29.5D-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sega VCO Object Hardware (System 16)

[:File:SubRoc3D_VCOObject_US_Flyer.pdf_p-3] File:SubRoc3D VCOObject US Flyer.pdf

[:File:Turbo_Schematics.pdf_p-4] File:Turbo Schematics.pdf

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fgithub.com.2Fmamedev.2Fmame.2Fblob.2Fmaster.2Fsrc.2Fmame.2Fdrivers.2Fturbo.cpp_Sega_Z80-3D_system_.28MAME.29.5D-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)

[:File:Turbo_Schematics.pdf_p22-6] File:Turbo Schematics.pdf, page 22

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fwww.basementarcade.com.2Farcade.2Flibrary.2Fmanuals.2Ft.2Fturbo.pdf.23page.3D106_Turbo:_Operating_Instructions_and_Service_Manual_.28page_106.29.5D-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Turbo: Operating Instructions and Service Manual (page 106)

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fwww.skot9000.com.2Fttl.2Fdatasheets.2F283.pdf_4-bit_Binary_Full_Adder_with_Fast_Carry.5D-8] 4-bit Binary Full Adder with Fast Carry

[.5Bhttps:.2F.2Fgithub.com.2Fmamedev.2Fmame.2Fblob.2Fmaster.2Fsrc.2Fmame.2Fincludes.2Fturbo.h_Sega_Z80-3D_system_.28data.29_.28MAME.29.5D-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Sega Z80-3D system (data) (MAME)

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fmamedb.com.2Fgame.2Fturbo_Turbo_.28MAME.29.5D-10] Turbo (MAME)

[:File:Turbo_Schematics.pdf_p19-11] File:Turbo Schematics.pdf, page 19

[:File:Turbo_Schematics.pdf_p21-12] File:Turbo Schematics.pdf, page 21

[:File:MB8128_datasheet.pdf_p-13] File:MB8128 datasheet.pdf

[:File:NTE2764_datasheet.pdf_p-14] File:NTE2764 datasheet.pdf

[.5Bhttp:.2F.2Fee-classes.usc.edu.2Fee459.2Flibrary.2Fdatasheets.2F2716.pdf_M2716_Datasheet.5D-15] M2716 Datasheet

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | logos=
 | consoleimage=
-| imgwidth=
 | name=
 | maker=[[Sega]]
 | processor=[[Zilog Z80]]
-| releases={{releases
+| releases={{releasesArcade
-| arcade_date_world=1981-10
+| system_date_world=1981-10
 }}
 }}
@@ Line 19: / Line 18: @@
 It was the first system specifically designed for pseudo-3D [[sprite]]-scaling graphics, using an analog scaling technique, with Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) generating [[wikipedia:Clock signal|clock signals]] controlling the data fetched from the sprite/object [[wikipedia:Read-only memory|ROM]]; the slower the clock signal, the larger the sprite on screen.{{ref|1=[http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=690 Sega VCO Object Hardware (System 16)]}}
-In 1982, ''[[SubRoc-3D]]'' also introduced an [[wikipedia:Active shutter 3D system|active shutter 3D system]], jointly developed by Sega with [[wikipedia:Panasonic|Matsushita]] (now Panasonic).{{fileref|SubRoc3D VCOObject US Flyer.pdf}}
+In 1982, ''[[SubRoc-3D]]'' also introduced an [[wikipedia:Active shutter 3D system|active shutter 3D system]], jointly developed by Sega with [[Matsushita]] (now Panasonic).{{fileref|SubRoc3D VCOObject US Flyer.pdf}}
-==Technical Specifications==
+==Technical specifications==
-===VCO Object===
+===VCO Object specifications===
 {{multicol|
 * Board composition: CPU Board, Sound Board, P-ROM Board{{fileref|Turbo Schematics.pdf}}{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
 * [[wikipedia:Central processing unit|CPU]]: [[Zilog Z80]] @ 5&nbsp;MHz (8/16-bit instructions, 0.725 [[wikipedia:Instructions per second|MIPS]])
 * [[wikipedia:Sound card|Sound board]]: Sega Sound Board
-** [[wikipedia:Sound chip|Sound chip]]: Custom
+:* [[wikipedia:Sound chip|Sound chip]]: Custom
-** Audio output: [[wikipedia:Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]
+:* Audio output: [[wikipedia:Stereophonic sound|Stereo]]
 * [[wikipedia:Parallel Peripheral Interface|PPI]]: 4x [[wikipedia:Intel 8255|Intel 8255]]{{fileref|Turbo Schematics.pdf|page=22}}
 }}
@@ Line 35: / Line 34: @@
 {{multicol|
 * Graphics chipset:{{ref|1=[http://www.basementarcade.com/arcade/library/manuals/t/turbo.pdf#page=106 Turbo: Operating Instructions and Service Manual (page 106)]}}
-** 315-0138: Custom Chip PA-06R ([[wikipedia:Programmable array logic|PAL16R4MJ]])
+:* 315-0138: Custom Chip PA-06R ([[wikipedia:Programmable array logic|PAL16R4MJ]])
-** 315-0139: Custom Chip PA-06L (PAL16L8MJ)
+:* 315-0139: Custom Chip PA-06L (PAL16L8MJ)
-** 12x 314-0101: 74LS283 4-bit Binary Full [[wikipedia:Adder (electronics)|Adder]] with Fast Carry{{ref|[http://www.skot9000.com/ttl/datasheets/283.pdf 4-bit Binary Full Adder with Fast Carry]}}
+:* 12x 314-0101: 74LS283 4-bit Binary Full [[wikipedia:Adder (electronics)|Adder]] with Fast Carry{{ref|[http://www.skot9000.com/ttl/datasheets/283.pdf 4-bit Binary Full Adder with Fast Carry]}}
-** Video scaling hardware: 8x Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs){{ref|1=[http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=690 Sega VCO Object Hardware (System 16)]}}
+:* Video scaling hardware: 8x Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs){{ref|1=[http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=690 Sega VCO Object Hardware (System 16)]}}
 * Video clock rate: 9.984&nbsp;MHz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/includes/turbo.h Sega Z80-3D system (data) (MAME)]}}
-** Pixel clock rate: 4.992&nbsp;MHz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
+:* Pixel clock rate: 4.992&nbsp;MHz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
 * Video resolution:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** Horizontal: 256×224 (display), 320×264 (overscan)
+:* Horizontal: 256×224 (display), 320×264 (overscan)
-** Vertical: 224×256 (display), 264×320 (overscan)
+:* Vertical: 224×256 (display), 264×320 (overscan)
 * Analog scaling resolution:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/includes/turbo.h Sega Z80-3D system (data) (MAME)]}}
-** Horizontal: 512×224 (display), 640×264 (overscan)
+:* Horizontal: 512×224 (display), 640×264 (overscan)
-** Vertical: [[wikipedia:480p|224×512]] (display), [[wikipedia:576p|264×640]] (overscan)
+:* Vertical: [[wikipedia:480p|224×512]] (display), [[wikipedia:576p|264×640]] (overscan)
 * [[wikipedia:Refresh rate|Refresh rate]]: 59.090909&nbsp;Hz ([[wikipedia:V-sync|V-sync]]){{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** [[wikipedia:Frame rate|Frame rate]]: 59.090909 frames per second
+:* [[wikipedia:Frame rate|Frame rate]]: 59.090909 frames per second
 * [[Palette|Color palette]]: 832{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** [[wikipedia:Color depth|Colors on screen]]: 256
+:* [[wikipedia:Color depth|Colors on screen]]: 256
 * Background planes:
-** [[wikipedia:Tile engine|Tilemap]] layer: 8×8 [[pixel]] tiles, 4 colors per tile, [[wikipedia:Scrolling|scrolling]], tile flipping{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
+:* [[wikipedia:Tile engine|Tilemap]] layer: 8×8 [[pixel]] tiles, 4 colors per tile, [[wikipedia:Scrolling|scrolling]], tile flipping{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** [[wikipedia:Bitmap|Bitmap]] layer{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (video hardware) (MAME)]}}
+:* [[wikipedia:Bitmap|Bitmap]] layer{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (video hardware) (MAME)]}}
 * [[Sprite]] capabilities: Pseudo-3D [http://www.giantbomb.com/sprite-scaling/3015-7122/ sprite-scaling] (analog scaling), [[wikipedia:Framebuffer|line buffer]], 64 sprites on screen, 16 sprites per [[wikipedia:Scan line|scanline]], 4 to 8 colors per sprite{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (video hardware) (MAME)]}}{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 256×224 [[texel]]s
+:* Sprite sizes: 8×8 to 256×224 [[texel]]s
-** Sprites on screen: 128 sprites (8 KB sprite position RAM, 8 bytes per sprite position)
+:* Sprites on screen: 128 sprites (8 KB sprite position RAM, 8 bytes per sprite position)
-** [[Fillrate]]: 4.992 [[Pixel|MPixels/s]]
+:* [[Fillrate]]: 4.992 [[Pixel|MPixels/s]]
-** Sprites per scanline: 16 sprites, 322 texels
+:* Sprites per scanline: 16 sprites, 322 texels
 }}
@@ Line 64: / Line 63: @@
 {{multicol|
 * [[RAM]]: 12 [[Byte|KB]]{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
-** Main RAM: 4.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 [[byte]]s input)
+:* Main RAM: 4.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 [[byte]]s input)
-** [[VRAM]]: 7.75 KB (2 KB video, 256 bytes sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)
+:* [[VRAM]]: 7.75 KB (2 KB video, 256 bytes sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)
 * [[ROM]]: 153.90625 KB{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}{{ref|[http://mamedb.com/game/turbo Turbo (MAME)]}}
-** Main ROM: 24 KB main
+:* Main ROM: 24 KB main
-** [[VRAM|VROM]]: 129.875 KB
+:* [[VRAM|VROM]]: 129.875 KB
-** Sound ROM: 32 bytes
+:* Sound ROM: 32 bytes
 * [[Byte|Bandwidth]]:{{fileref|Turbo Schematics.pdf|page=19}}{{ref|1=[http://www.basementarcade.com/arcade/library/manuals/t/turbo.pdf#page=106 Turbo: Operating Instructions and Service Manual (page 106)]}}
-** RAM: 5 [[Byte|MB/s]] ([[Fujitsu]] [[SRAM]], 8-bit, 3.333333 MHz, 200 ns){{fileref|Turbo Schematics.pdf|page=21}}{{fileref|MB8128 datasheet.pdf}}
+:* RAM: 5 [[Byte|MB/s]] ([[Fujitsu]] [[SRAM]], 8-bit, 3.333333 MHz, 200 ns){{fileref|Turbo Schematics.pdf|page=21}}{{fileref|MB8128 datasheet.pdf}}
-** Main ROM: 5 MB/s ([[EPROM]], 8-bit, 5 MHz, 200 ns){{fileref|NTE2764 datasheet.pdf}}
+:* Main ROM: 5 MB/s ([[EPROM]], 8-bit, 5 MHz, 200 ns){{fileref|NTE2764 datasheet.pdf}}
-** VROM: 2.222222 MB/s (EPROM, 8-bit, 2.222222 MHz, 450 ns){{ref|[http://ee-classes.usc.edu/ee459/library/datasheets/2716.pdf M2716 Datasheet]}}
+:* VROM: 2.222222 MB/s (EPROM, 8-bit, 2.222222 MHz, 450 ns){{ref|[http://ee-classes.usc.edu/ee459/library/datasheets/2716.pdf M2716 Datasheet]}}
 }}
-===''SubRoc-3D''===
+===''SubRoc-3D'' specifications===
 ''[[SubRoc-3D]]'' featured the following hardware changes and upgrades in mid-1982:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
@@ Line 84: / Line 83: @@
 * [[wikipedia:Stereoscopic video game|Stereoscopic 3D]]: Sega-Matsushita [[wikipedia:Active shutter 3D system|active shutter 3D system]]
 * [[RAM]]: 14.75 [[Byte|KB]]
-** Main RAM: 6.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 [[byte]]s input, 2 KB handle)
+:* Main RAM: 6.25 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 [[byte]]s input, 2 KB handle)
-** [[VRAM]]: 8.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)
+:* [[VRAM]]: 8.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear)
 * [[ROM]]: 302.5 KB
-** Main ROM: 40 KB
+:* Main ROM: 40 KB
-** [[VRAM|VROM]]: 262.5 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 768 bytes color, 1.75 KB other)
+:* [[VRAM|VROM]]: 262.5 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 768 bytes color, 1.75 KB other)
 }}
-===''Zoom''===
+===''Zoom'' specifications===
 ''[[Zoom 909]]'' and ''[[Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom]]'' featured the following hardware upgrades in late 1982:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp Sega Z80-3D system (MAME)]}}
@@ Line 97: / Line 96: @@
 * Board composition: CPU board, Sound board, ROM board
 * CPU: 2x Z80 @ 5&nbsp;MHz (1.45 MIPS)
-** Zilog Z80 @ 5&nbsp;MHz
+:* Zilog Z80 @ 5&nbsp;MHz
-** Sega 315-5014 (Z80) @ 5&nbsp;MHz
+:* Sega 315-5014 (Z80) @ 5&nbsp;MHz
 * Frame rate: 60 frames per second
 * Color palette: 1536
-** Colors on screen: 1024
+:* Colors on screen: 1024
 * [[RAM]]: 104 [[Byte|KB]] ([[SRAM]])
-** Main RAM: 39.5 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 bytes input, 2 KB handle, 2 KB CPU 2 mirror, 31.25 KB other)
+:* Main RAM: 39.5 KB (2 KB main, 2 KB analog reset, 256 bytes input, 2 KB handle, 2 KB CPU 2 mirror, 31.25 KB other)
-** [[VRAM]]: 64.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear, 56 KB bitmap)
+:* [[VRAM]]: 64.5 KB (2 KB video, 1 KB sprite line buffer, 1 KB sprite position, 2 KB characters, 512 bytes collision, 2 KB collision clear, 56 KB bitmap)
 * [[ROM]]: 310.5625 KB
-** Main ROM: 40 KB
+:* Main ROM: 40 KB
-** [[VRAM|VROM]]: 270.5625 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 9.5 KB color, 1.0625 KB other)
+:* [[VRAM|VROM]]: 270.5625 KB (256 KB sprites, 4 KB foreground tiles, 9.5 KB color, 1.0625 KB other)
 }}
-==List of VCO Object Games==
+==List of games==
-Only three games make use of VCO Object hardware:
+Only a small handful of games make use of VCO Object hardware:
+{{CargoReleaseList
-*''[[Turbo]]'' (1981)
+| table=releases
-*''[[SubRoc-3D]]'' (1982)
+| query=console="vco"
-*''[[Zoom 909]] / [[Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom]]'' (1982)
+| orderby=date
+}}
 ==References==