Difference between revisions of "Game Factory"

Revision as of 03:07, 23 January 2023

Game Factory

Type: Backup tool

Release	Date	RRP	Code
US	1994-08-10^[1]

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Game Factory was a rewritable Sega Mega Drive cartridge service run by Blockbuster around late 1994, developed through a collaboration between Sega of America and NewLeaf Entertainment. A novel idea in the world of home rentals, the service was highly ambitious and critically well-received, but suffered from a number of problems and had its subsequent nationwide rollout eventually cancelled.

Service

Manufactured by NewLeaf Entertainment subsidiary Fairway Technologies^[1] exclusively for Blockbuster, two types of cartridge were offered; a green-labelled version (NL103) which could store up to 16 megabits, and a blue-labelled version (NL102) which could hold 32 megabits, both using a standard NTSC Genesis cartridge shell. The cartridge also devotes an area for a printed label, so that Blockbuster staff could easily keep track of their stock. A third cartridge, labelled with NewLeaf's logo (NL101) also exists, but appears not to have been intended for general consumers. Altogether, the process of flashing a cartridge with a new title took roughly 45 seconds.

Games available for rent through Game Factory appear to contain different ROMs than their original releases, with titles like The Jungle Book displaying a unique B.B. FLASH ROM message at the title screen to indicate its purpose.^[2]

List of flashable games

History

Background

“	Game rental has become an increasingly important market segment, with estimates at about $1.5 billion a year industrywide. But with nearly 1,000 great Genesis and Game Gear software titles available, it’s tough keeping an inventory broad and deep enough to satisfy peak demand. This system ensures that every customer will be a satisfied customer.	„
— Tom Kalinske^[4]

In the early 1990s, the success of the Genesis and Super Nintendo in North America was had resulted in the creation of a profitable video game rental market for Blockbuster. However, as technology continued to improve, the company was worried that systems of digital distribution (which could deliver movies and games directly to customer's homes) could negate the need for Blockbuster entirely, and looked to invest in new technologies which could improve the customer rental experience.

The popularity of Blockbuster's game rental problem also created the problem of inventory shortage, especially with certain hot-selling titles, with a reported one-third of customers being unable to rent their desire game. To address this issue, Blockbuster turned to the technology firm Soundsational, a company which designed and produced networked music kiosks at which customers could purchase an album and have it burned to the format of their choice (such as CD or compact cassette) while they waited. While Blockbuster's traditional fare of movies and films presented considerable technical hurdles in instant rewritability, video games were more compact in terms of filesize and distribution, and the existence of previous cartridge rewriting technology made the future-proofing of Blockbuster's game rental market an appealing choice for the company. In 1990, Blockbuster acquired Soundsational, as well as teaming up with IBM to establish a sister company, Fairway Technologies. Soundsational was renamed NewLeaf Entertainment and assigned to both market the system and acquire licensing deals, while Fairway created the actual hardware, software, and networking technology for the system. Over the next three years, the two firms would develop a system of in-house flash cartridge writers for use in Blockbuster's rental stores.

The concept involved customers renting Sega Mega Drive video games stored on reprogrammable flash cartridges, and was thus chiefly pitched as an inventory management solution. Avoiding the need to stock potentially hundreds, if not thousands of official video game cartridges for rent, Blockbuster could instead use a Game Factory cartridge, flash the contents of a ROM image onto the memory inside, and distribute that instead. When the customer had finished borrowing the game, the cartridge could then be flashed with another ROM image and be recycled for further use.^[1] The green-labelled 16 megabit cartridge was originally produced as the system's only cartridge, but during development Fairway was hit with the news that Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage (a game Blockbuster had signed up to promote) would be released on a 32 megabit cartridge, necessitating the need for a second and larger cartridge variant.

Blockbusters pitched the concept to both Nintendo of America and Sega of America. While the former replied with a hard no (as Nintendo was wary of game rentals, having famously taken Blockbuster to court over the matter), the latter was definitely interested, but wanted to see a proof of concept before licensing anything - resulting in Fairway Technologies having to virtually reverse-engineer the Mega Drive's cartridge technology to create a working demonstration unit. Thankfully, said demonstration was a success, and Sega granted NewLeaf a license to use several of its first-party games for rental through Game Factory.

Launch

The Mega Drive Game Factory was the first of its kind (though the concept of using reprogrammable cartridges is as old as the game cartridge itself, as it is a vital tool for cartridge game development), and was initially offered between the 10th and 15th of August 1994^[1] to ten Blockbuster stores in Columbia, South Carolina (alongside at least one store in NewLeaf's hometown of Boca Raton, Florida). The real plan, however, was to gauge interest in whether the concept would be feasible with the upcoming generation of consoles, namely the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. A Sega Game Gear variant was planned^[1], but does not appear to have made it to consumers.

Decline

Though the market test was reportedly a success, Blockbusters chose not to follow through on their plans for a nationwide rollout for a number of reasons. Viacom's purchase of Blockbuster earlier that year had granted the company access to a larger pool of resources and financing, and this newfound safety significantly diminished its need to invest in emerging technologies to stay profitable. By the start of 1995 Mega Drive sales were on the decline.

Blockbuster had also encountered significant trouble signing deals with third-party publishers, and so could initially only offer the service for first-party Sega games^[1] and those developed by Virgin Interactive (a company owned by Blockbuster). Eventually, Acclaim, Activision, and Parker Brothers licensed titles for the Game Factory service, but by the start of 1995, sales of the Genesis were already on the decline. Coupled with the rise of optical media and the various anti-copy security features of disk-based system, Blockbuster chose to discontinue the service some time later that year.

After Game Factory's closure, the cartridges were generally flashed with a single game and sold directly to consumers as a form of liquidation^[5], frequently with the game's title having been crudely written on the label.^[6] Cartridges which could not be liquidated at the store itself were shipped to other Blockbusters through standard inventory practices, resulting in former Game Factory cartridges appearing as far away as Flint, Michigan.^[3]

Legacy

Game Factory cartridges appear to use CR2032 batteries to hold onto data. Should these batteries have died in the last twenty years or more, the cartridge's contents may have been wiped, rendering them unusable.

Magazine articles

Main article: Game Factory/Magazine articles.

Physical scans

Mega Drive, US (16Mb)

Cart

Mega Drive, US (32Mb)

Cart

Mega Drive, US (NewLeaf Entertainment)

Cart

External links

Game Factory: Blockbuster & Sega's On-Demand Game Rentals video essay by Gaming Historian at YouTube
Remember When Blockbuster Video Tried Burning Game Cartridges On Demand? article by Drew Littrell at Hackaday

References

[:File:EGM2_US_01.pdf_p28-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 EGM², "July 1994" (US; 1994-07-19), page 28

[https:.2F.2Fdrive.google.com.2Ffile.2Fd.2F1-FI5nZvEHe5jo6HAzIoJ6xz1oIPHLEr-.2Fview-2] ttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1-FI5nZvEHe5jo6HAzIoJ6xz1oIPHLEr-/view

[https:.2F.2Fdocs.google.com.2Fspreadsheets.2Fd.2F1pOsHrcfrjqzgSbIXidj0JfLqgWX-ftIczHX0VcPUcV0.2Fedit.3Fusp.3Dsharing-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 ^3.6 https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pOsHrcfrjqzgSbIXidj0JfLqgWX-ftIczHX0VcPUcV0/edit?usp=sharing

[:File:SegaVisions_US_20.pdf_p8-4] Sega Visions, "August/September 1994" (US; 1994-xx-xx), page 8

[https:.2F.2Fwww.youtube.com.2Fwatch.3Fv.3DnrUWIHasHPQ-5] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrUWIHasHPQ

[https:.2F.2Fdrive.google.com.2Ffile.2Fd.2F1KrzXK094OdgcxpcSw6oTspZ65TsaUgaf.2Fview-6] ttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1KrzXK094OdgcxpcSw6oTspZ65TsaUgaf/view

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@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 In the early 1990s, the success of the [[Genesis]] and [[Super Nintendo]] in North America was had resulted in the creation of a profitable video game rental market for Blockbuster. However, as technology continued to improve, the company was worried that systems of digital distribution (which could deliver movies and games directly to customer's homes) could negate the need for Blockbuster entirely, and looked to invest in new technologies which could improve the customer rental experience.
-The popularity of Blockbuster's game rental problem also created the problem of inventory shortage, especially with certain hot-selling titles, with a reported one-third of customers being unable to rent their desire game. To address this issue, Blockbuster turned to the technology firm Soundsational, a company which designed and produced networked music kiosks at which customers could purchase an album and have it burned to the format of their choice (such as CD or compact cassette) while they waited. While Blockbuster's traditional fare of movies and films presented considerable technical hurdles in instant rewritability, video games were more compact in terms of filesize and distribution, and the existence of previous cartridge rewriting technology made the future-proofing of Blockbuster's game rental market an appealing choice for the company. In 1990, Blockbuster acquired Soundsational, as well as teaming up with [[wikipedia:IBM|IBM]] to establish a sister company, Fairway Technologies. Soundsational was renamed [[NewLeaf Technology]] and assigned to both market the system and acquire licensing deals, while Fairway created the actual hardware, software, and networking technology for the system. Over the next three years, the two firms would develop a system of in-house flash cartridge writers for use in Blockbuster's rental stores.
+The popularity of Blockbuster's game rental problem also created the problem of inventory shortage, especially with certain hot-selling titles, with a reported one-third of customers being unable to rent their desire game. To address this issue, Blockbuster turned to the technology firm Soundsational, a company which designed and produced networked music kiosks at which customers could purchase an album and have it burned to the format of their choice (such as CD or compact cassette) while they waited. While Blockbuster's traditional fare of movies and films presented considerable technical hurdles in instant rewritability, video games were more compact in terms of filesize and distribution, and the existence of previous cartridge rewriting technology made the future-proofing of Blockbuster's game rental market an appealing choice for the company. In 1990, Blockbuster acquired Soundsational, as well as teaming up with [[wikipedia:IBM|IBM]] to establish a sister company, Fairway Technologies. Soundsational was renamed [[NewLeaf Entertainment]] and assigned to both market the system and acquire licensing deals, while Fairway created the actual hardware, software, and networking technology for the system. Over the next three years, the two firms would develop a system of in-house flash cartridge writers for use in Blockbuster's rental stores.
-The concept involved customers renting [[Sega Mega Drive]] video games stored on reprogrammable flash cartridges, and was thus chiefly pitched as an inventory management solution. Avoiding the need to stock potentially hundreds, if not thousands of official video game cartridges for rent, Blockbuster could instead use a Game Factory cartridge, flash the contents of a ROM image onto the memory inside, and distribute that instead. When the customer had finished borrowing the game, the cartridge could then be flashed with another ROM image and be recycled for further use.{{magref|egm2|1|28}}
+The concept involved customers renting [[Sega Mega Drive]] video games stored on reprogrammable flash cartridges, and was thus chiefly pitched as an inventory management solution. Avoiding the need to stock potentially hundreds, if not thousands of official video game cartridges for rent, Blockbuster could instead use a Game Factory cartridge, flash the contents of a ROM image onto the memory inside, and distribute that instead. When the customer had finished borrowing the game, the cartridge could then be flashed with another ROM image and be recycled for further use.{{magref|egm2|1|28}} The green-labelled 16 megabit cartridge was originally produced as the system's only cartridge, but during development Fairway was hit with the news that ''[[Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage]]'' (a game Blockbuster had signed up to promote) would be released on a 32 megabit cartridge, necessitating the need for a second and larger cartridge variant.
 Blockbusters pitched the concept to both [[Nintendo of America]] and [[Sega of America]]. While the former replied with a hard no (as Nintendo was wary of game rentals, having famously taken Blockbuster to court over the matter), the latter was definitely interested, but wanted to see a proof of concept before licensing anything - resulting in Fairway Technologies having to virtually reverse-engineer the [[Mega Drive]]'s cartridge technology to create a working demonstration unit. Thankfully, said demonstration was a success, and Sega granted NewLeaf a license to use several of its first-party games for rental through Game Factory.
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 [[File:GameFactory MD cart alt.png|360px|thumb]]
 The Mega Drive Game Factory was the first of its kind (though the concept of using reprogrammable cartridges is as old as the game cartridge itself, as it is a vital tool for cartridge game development), and was initially offered between the 10th and 15th of August 1994{{magref|egm2|1|28}} to ten Blockbuster stores in Columbia, South Carolina (alongside at least one store in [[NewLeaf Entertainment|NewLeaf]]'s hometown of Boca Raton, Florida). The real plan, however, was to gauge interest in whether the concept would be feasible with the upcoming generation of consoles, namely the [[PlayStation]] and [[Sega Saturn]]. A [[Sega Game Gear]] variant was planned{{magref|egm2|1|28}}, but does not appear to have made it to consumers.
-Blockbuster had also tried (and failed) to secure deals for other forms of entertainment, such as VHS videos and music CDs, however despite developing the equipment, big publishers were uneasy with the practise and chose not to license their libraries. Some of these fears were mitigated, however, by Viacom's takeover of Blockbuster in 1993.
 ===Decline===
-Though apparently a success, the Game Factory service was not rolled out nationwide, nor to other regions of the world where Blockbuster operated. Aside from the fact that Mega Drive sales were on the decline by the end of 1995, Blockbuster and NewLeaf had a hard time keeping up with the demands of new games, which often included extra features that the Game Factory cartridges couldn't accommodate.
+Though the market test was reportedly a success, [[Blockbusters]] chose not to follow through on their plans for a nationwide rollout for a number of reasons. [[Viacom]]'s purchase of Blockbuster earlier that year had granted the company access to a larger pool of resources and financing, and this newfound safety significantly diminished its need to invest in emerging technologies to stay profitable. By the start of 1995 Mega Drive sales were on the decline.
-For example, having successfully built and tested 16 megabit carts, the firm was hit with the news that ''[[Spider-Man and Venom: Maximum Carnage]]'', a game Blockbuster had signed up to promote, would be released on a 32 megabit cartridge. Other games like ''[[Sonic & Knuckles]]'' and ''[[Virtua Racing]]'' were likely skipped entirely, and it is not known if there was compatibility with games which required a battery for saving.
-Blockbuster also had trouble signing deals with third-party publishers, and so could initially only offer the service for first-party [[Sega]] games{{magref|egm2|1|28}} and those developed by [[Virgin Interactive]] (owned by Blockbuster). Eventually, [[Acclaim]], [[Activision]], and [[Parker Brothers]] licensed titles for the Game Factory service.
+Blockbuster had also encountered significant trouble signing deals with third-party publishers, and so could initially only offer the service for first-party [[Sega]] games{{magref|egm2|1|28}} and those developed by [[Virgin Interactive]] (a company owned by Blockbuster). Eventually, [[Acclaim]], [[Activision]], and [[Parker Brothers]] licensed titles for the Game Factory service, but by the start of 1995, sales of the Genesis were already on the decline. Coupled with the rise of optical media and the various anti-copy security features of disk-based system, Blockbuster chose to discontinue the service some time later that year.
-The move to optical media and the security features surrounding Saturn and PlayStation video games proved too much of a challenge for the firm, and the service was quietly discontinued at some point in 1995. It is not fully understood what happened to the Game Factory inventory - cartridges have been spotted on online auction sites, and development cartridges have also been seen. After Game Factory's closure, the cartridges were generally flashed with a single game and sold directly to consumers as a form of liquidation{{ref|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrUWIHasHPQ}}, frequently with the game's title having been crudely written on the label.{{ref|1=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KrzXK094OdgcxpcSw6oTspZ65TsaUgaf/view}}
+After Game Factory's closure, the cartridges were generally flashed with a single game and sold directly to consumers as a form of liquidation{{ref|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrUWIHasHPQ}}, frequently with the game's title having been crudely written on the label.{{ref|1=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KrzXK094OdgcxpcSw6oTspZ65TsaUgaf/view}} Cartridges which could not be liquidated at the store itself were shipped to other Blockbusters through standard inventory practices, resulting in former Game Factory cartridges appearing as far away as Flint, Michigan.{{ref|1=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pOsHrcfrjqzgSbIXidj0JfLqgWX-ftIczHX0VcPUcV0/edit?usp=sharing}}
 ===Legacy===