Difference between revisions of "Sprite"

From Sega Retro
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! style="text-align:center" | System(s), [[wikia:w:c:gaming:Graphics processing unit|chip(s)]]
 
! style="text-align:center" | System(s), [[wikia:w:c:gaming:Graphics processing unit|chip(s)]]
 
! style="text-align:center" | Sprites on screen
 
! style="text-align:center" | Sprites on screen
−
! style="text-align:center" | Sprite tiles on screen
+
! style="text-align:center" | Max. [[texel]]s on screen
 
! style="text-align:center" | Sprites on [[wikipedia:Scan_line|line]]
 
! style="text-align:center" | Sprites on [[wikipedia:Scan_line|line]]
−
! style="text-align:center" | Max. [[Texel|texels]] on line
+
! style="text-align:center" | Max. [[texel]]s on line
 
! style="text-align:center" | Texture width
 
! style="text-align:center" | Texture width
 
! style="text-align:center" | Texture height
 
! style="text-align:center" | Texture height
Line 27: Line 27:
 
|[[Sega Fonz hardware|Fonz]], <br /> [[List of Sega arcade systems|arcade hardware]]
 
|[[Sega Fonz hardware|Fonz]], <br /> [[List of Sega arcade systems|arcade hardware]]
 
|3
 
|3
 +
|1688
 
|3
 
|3
−
| 3
 
 
|104
 
|104
 
|13, 20
 
|13, 20
Line 42: Line 42:
 
|[[Heavyweight Champ (1976)|Heavyweight Champ]], <br /> [[arcade]] hardware
 
|[[Heavyweight Champ (1976)|Heavyweight Champ]], <br /> [[arcade]] hardware
 
|2
 
|2
 +
|5670
 
|2
 
|2
−
| 2
 
 
|90
 
|90
 
|35 to 45
 
|35 to 45
Line 56: Line 56:
 
|- align="center"
 
|- align="center"
 
|1980
 
|1980
−
|[[Galaxian-based hardware|Galaxian]] ([[Sega]]), <br /> arcade hardware
+
|[[Galaxian-based hardware|Sega Galaxian]], <br /> arcade hardware
 
|[[wikipedia:Display_list|Display list]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Display_list|Display list]]
−
|
+
|25,088
−
| 7
+
|7
 
|112
 
|112
 
|16
 
|16
Line 66: Line 66:
 
| {{no}}
 
| {{no}}
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}
−
|1 [[wikipedia:Tile_engine|tile]] layer and 1 bitmap layer
+
|1 [[wikipedia:Tile_engine|tile]] layer and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{partial|Color key}}  
 
| {{partial|Color key}}  
Line 74: Line 74:
 
|[[KO Punch]], <br /> arcade hardware
 
|[[KO Punch]], <br /> arcade hardware
 
|Display list
 
|Display list
−
|
+
|21,504
 
|6
 
|6
 
|96
 
|96
Line 89: Line 89:
 
|[[Sega G80]],<br />Raster Display Controller
 
|[[Sega G80]],<br />Raster Display Controller
 
|Display list
 
|Display list
−
|
+
|57,344
 
|32
 
|32
 
|256
 
|256
Line 103: Line 103:
 
|[[Sega VCO Object]],<br />arcade hardware
 
|[[Sega VCO Object]],<br />arcade hardware
 
|128
 
|128
−
|
+
|71,680
 
|16
 
|16
 
|322
 
|322
Line 111: Line 111:
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{partial|Background tile mirroring}}  
 
| {{partial|Background tile mirroring}}  
−
|1 tile layer and 1 bitmap layer
+
|1 tile layer and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{partial|Color key}}  
 
| {{partial|Color key}}  
Line 119: Line 119:
 
|[[Sega System 1|System 1]] ([[Sega System 1#Prototype|prototype]]) <br /> [[Sega System 1#Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
 
|[[Sega System 1|System 1]] ([[Sega System 1#Prototype|prototype]]) <br /> [[Sega System 1#Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
 
|32
 
|32
−
|
+
|114,688
 
|32
 
|32
 
|512
 
|512
Line 132: Line 132:
 
|
 
|
 
|- align="center"
 
|- align="center"
−
| rowspan="2" |1983
+
|rowspan="2" |1983
−
|[[TMS9918]] <br /> ([[SG-1000]], [[SC-3000]])
+
|[[SG-1000]] & [[SC-3000]], <br /> [[TMS9918]]
 
|32
 
|32
−
|
+
|4096
 
|4
 
|4
 
|64
 
|64
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|{{ref|https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/sg1000a.cpp}}
 
|{{ref|https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/sg1000a.cpp}}
 
|- align="center"
 
|- align="center"
−
|[[Sega System 1|System 1]]/[[Sega System 2|2]], <br /> [[Sega System 1#Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
+
|[[Sega System 1|System 1]] & [[Sega System 2|2]], <br /> [[Sega System 1#Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
 
|128
 
|128
−
|
+
|143,360
 
|32
 
|32
 
|640
 
|640
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|[[Sega Hang-On hardware|Hang‑On]] & [[Sega System 16|System 16]], <br /> [[Sega Hang-On hardware#Technical Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
 
|[[Sega Hang-On hardware|Hang‑On]] & [[Sega System 16|System 16]], <br /> [[Sega Hang-On hardware#Technical Specifications|315‑5011 &#x26; 315‑5012]]
 
|128
 
|128
−
|2800
+
|209,796
 
|100
 
|100
 
|800
 
|800
Line 174: Line 174:
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
−
|2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer
+
|2 tile layers and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes|[[Sega System 16B hardware notes (2003-01-12)|Shadow / Highlight]]}}
 
| {{yes|[[Sega System 16B hardware notes (2003-01-12)|Shadow / Highlight]]}}
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|[[Sega Master System/Technical specifications|Sega VDP]]<br />([[Master System]], [[Sega Game Gear|Game Gear]])
 
|[[Sega Master System/Technical specifications|Sega VDP]]<br />([[Master System]], [[Sega Game Gear|Game Gear]])
 
|64
 
|64
−
|128
+
|8192
 
|8
 
|8
 
|128
 
|128
Line 197: Line 197:
 
|[[Sega OutRun]], <br /> [[Sega OutRun hardware#Technical Specifications|315-5211]]
 
|[[Sega OutRun]], <br /> [[Sega OutRun hardware#Technical Specifications|315-5211]]
 
|128
 
|128
−
|5124
+
|384,267
 
|128
 
|128
 
|1466
 
|1466
Line 205: Line 205:
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
−
|2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer
+
|2 tile layers and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes|[[wikipedia:Alpha compositing|Alpha]]}}  
 
| {{yes|[[wikipedia:Alpha compositing|Alpha]]}}  
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|[[X Board]],<br />315-5211A & 315‑5278
 
|[[X Board]],<br />315-5211A & 315‑5278
 
|256
 
|256
−
|11,200
+
|833,333
 
|256
 
|256
 
|3200
 
|3200
Line 221: Line 221:
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
−
|5 layers (4 tile layers, 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer)
+
|4 tile layers and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}
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|[[System 24]],<br />315-5293 & 315‑5295
 
|[[System 24]],<br />315-5293 & 315‑5295
 
|2048
 
|2048
−
|4592
+
|503,808
 
|164
 
|164
 
|1312
 
|1312
Line 244: Line 244:
 
|[[Y Board]],<br />315-5196 & 315‑5305
 
|[[Y Board]],<br />315-5196 & 315‑5305
 
|2176
 
|2176
−
|14,000
+
|1,049,476
 
|500
 
|500
 
|4000
 
|4000
Line 257: Line 257:
 
|{{ref|https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segaybd.cpp}}{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/20130104202220/mamedev.org/source/src/mame/video/segaybd.c.html}}{{intref|Sega "X-Board" hardware notes (2004-12-03)}} <br /> {{ref|http://imame4all.googlecode.com/svn-history/r146/Reloaded/trunk/src/mame/video/segaic16.c}}{{intref|Sega System 16B hardware notes (2003-01-12)}}{{ref|http://reassembler.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/sega-system-16-sprite-viewer.html}}
 
|{{ref|https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segaybd.cpp}}{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/20130104202220/mamedev.org/source/src/mame/video/segaybd.c.html}}{{intref|Sega "X-Board" hardware notes (2004-12-03)}} <br /> {{ref|http://imame4all.googlecode.com/svn-history/r146/Reloaded/trunk/src/mame/video/segaic16.c}}{{intref|Sega System 16B hardware notes (2003-01-12)}}{{ref|http://reassembler.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/sega-system-16-sprite-viewer.html}}
 
|- align="center"
 
|- align="center"
−
|[[VDP|Yamaha YM7101 VDP]]<br /><small>([[Sega Mega Drive/Technical specifications|Mega Drive]], [[Sega Mega-Tech|Mega‑Tech]], [[Sega Mega-Tech|Mega‑Play]], [[Sega System C|System&nbsp;C]])</small>
+
|[[Sega Mega Drive/Technical specifications|Yamaha YM7101]] [[VDP]]<br /><small>([[Mega Drive]], [[Sega Mega-Tech|Mega‑Tech]], [[Sega Mega-Tech|Mega‑Play]], [[Sega System C|System&nbsp;C]])</small>
 
|80
 
|80
−
|1280
+
|81,920
 
|20
 
|20
 
|320
 
|320
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|[[Turbo OutRun]], <br /> [[Sega OutRun hardware|315-5211]]
 
|[[Turbo OutRun]], <br /> [[Sega OutRun hardware|315-5211]]
 
|128
 
|128
−
|5600
+
|419,200
 
|128
 
|128
 
|1600
 
|1600
Line 283: Line 283:
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
 
| {{partial|Horizontal and vertical mirroring}}  
−
|2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer
+
|2 tile layers and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes}}  
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}
Line 290: Line 290:
 
|[[System 32]],<br />315-5387
 
|[[System 32]],<br />315-5387
 
|8192
 
|8192
−
|11,200
+
|833,333
 
|400
 
|400
 
|3200
 
|3200
Line 298: Line 298:
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
−
|4 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer
+
|4 tile layers and 1&nbsp;bitmap&nbsp;layer
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes|[[wikipedia:Alpha blending|Alpha]]}}
 
| {{yes|[[wikipedia:Alpha blending|Alpha]]}}
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|[[Sega CD]], <br /> [[Sega Mega-CD/Technical specifications|315-5548 ASIC]]
 
|[[Sega CD]], <br /> [[Sega Mega-CD/Technical specifications|315-5548 ASIC]]
 
|80
 
|80
−
|1280
+
|81,920
 
|20
 
|20
 
|320
 
|320
Line 322: Line 322:
 
|[[Sega 32X]],<br />[[Sega 32X/Technical specifications|32X VDP]]
 
|[[Sega 32X]],<br />[[Sega 32X/Technical specifications|32X VDP]]
 
|3800
 
|3800
−
|3800
+
|243,200
 
|182
 
|182
 
|1463
 
|1463
Line 337: Line 337:
 
|[[VDP1 (Saturn)|Hitachi VDP1]]<br />([[Sega Saturn/Technical specifications|Saturn]], [[Sega ST-V|STV]])
 
|[[VDP1 (Saturn)|Hitachi VDP1]]<br />([[Sega Saturn/Technical specifications|Saturn]], [[Sega ST-V|STV]])
 
|16,383
 
|16,383
−
|16,383
+
|497,112
 
|227
 
|227
 
|1820
 
|1820
Line 345: Line 345:
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes}}
 
| {{yes|Yes, rotation/distortion, <br> [[wikipedia:Texture mapping#Forward texture mapping|forward texture mapping]]}}
 
| {{yes|Yes, rotation/distortion, <br> [[wikipedia:Texture mapping#Forward texture mapping|forward texture mapping]]}}
−
|2–6 layers <br /> (1–5 tile layers, <br /> 1–4 bitmap layers)
+
|2–6 [[VDP2]] layers <br /> (1–5 tile layers, <br /> 1–4 bitmap layers)
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes}}
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}  
 
| {{yes|Alpha}}  
Line 353: Line 353:
 
|[[Sega H1 Board]], <br /> arcade hardware
 
|[[Sega H1 Board]], <br /> arcade hardware
 
|16,384
 
|16,384
−
|16,384
+
|
 
|795
 
|795
 
|6361
 
|6361
Line 369: Line 369:
 
|[[Dreamcast]], <br /> [[Sega Dreamcast/Technical specifications|PowerVR CLX2]]
 
|[[Dreamcast]], <br /> [[Sega Dreamcast/Technical specifications|PowerVR CLX2]]
 
|31,250
 
|31,250
−
|31,250
+
|
 
|1041
 
|1041
 
|8333
 
|8333
Line 385: Line 385:
 
|[[Sega NAOMI]], <br /> [[Sega NAOMI#Technical specifications|PowerVR 2]]
 
|[[Sega NAOMI]], <br /> [[Sega NAOMI#Technical specifications|PowerVR 2]]
 
|34,713
 
|34,713
−
|34,713
+
|
 
|1157
 
|1157
 
|9256
 
|9256

Revision as of 16:45, 2 October 2020

A sprite is a 2-dimensional movable image that appears on the screen.

In Mega Drive games, sprites can be no larger than 32x32 pixels and use no more than 15 colors (plus 1 for transparency), so several sprites are often used by a single object (for example the Sonic object). The way sprites are arranged together in a single object is called sprite mappings. It is also possible to zoom sprites up to full screen.[1]

A sprite is essentially a texture, or textured rectangle.[2] Sprites can be used for both two-dimensional gameplay (as flat surfaces) and three-dimensional gameplay (with scaling, rotation and distortion). Sprites could be manipulated to resemble texture-mapped 3D polygons, as is the case with several Sega systems, including the Sega Saturn console and the Sega X Board, Y Board, System 32, ST-V and H1 Board arcade systems. A sprite can also be used as a texture that is applied to the surface of a 3D polygon, resulting in a texture-mapped 3D polygon. Conversely, a texture-mapped polygon could be manipulated to resemble a 2D sprite (rendering a textured quad polygon as a flat surface), as is the case with the Sega Dreamcast console and Sega NAOMI arcade system.

List of Sega systems by sprite capabilities

Sprite Hardware Features
Year System(s), chip(s) Sprites on screen Max. texels on screen Sprites on line Max. texels on line Texture width Texture height Colors Hardware zoom Rotation Background Collision detection Transparency References
1976 Fonz,
arcade hardware 		3 1688 3 104 13, 20 28, 48 2 Yes Partial rotation/distortion 1 bitmap layer Yes Color key
Heavyweight Champ,
arcade hardware 		2 5670 2 90 35 to 45 62, 63 3 1, 2× integer No 1 bitmap layer Yes Color key [3]
1980 Sega Galaxian,
arcade hardware 		Display list 25,088 7 112 16 16 3 No Horizontal and vertical mirroring 1 tile layer and 1 bitmap layer Yes Color key
1981 KO Punch,
arcade hardware 		Display list 21,504 6 96 16 16 7 1, 2× integer Horizontal and vertical mirroring 1 tile layer Mechanical Color key [4][5][6][7]
Sega G80,
Raster Display Controller 		Display list 57,344 32 256 8, 16 8, 16 3 Vector Screen orientation 2 tile layers Yes Color key [8][9]
Sega VCO Object,
arcade hardware 		128 71,680 16 322 8 to 256 8 to 224 3, 7 Yes Background tile mirroring 1 tile layer and 1 bitmap layer Yes Color key [10][11][12]
1982 System 1 (prototype)
315‑5011 & 315‑5012 		32 114,688 32 512 8 to 248 8 to 224 15 No Horizontal and vertical mirroring 2 tile layers Yes Color key
1983 SG-1000 & SC-3000,
TMS9918 		32 4096 4 64 8, 16 8, 16 1, 3 1, 2× integer No 1 tile layer Yes Color key [13]
System 1 & 2,
315‑5011 & 315‑5012 		128 143,360 32 640 8 to 256 8 to 224 15 No Horizontal and vertical mirroring 2 tile layers Yes Color key
1985 Hang‑On & System 16,
315‑5011 & 315‑5012 		128 209,796 100 800 8 to 256 8 to 256 15 Yes Horizontal and vertical mirroring 2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer Yes Shadow / Highlight [14][15]
Sega VDP
(Master System, Game Gear) 		64 8192 8 128 8, 16 8, 16 1, 3, 15 1, 2× integer, 1, 2× vertical, full screen Background tile mirroring 1 tile layer Yes Color key [16][17][18]
1986 Sega OutRun,
315-5211 		128 384,267 128 1466 8 to 512 8 to 256 15 Yes Horizontal and vertical mirroring 2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha [19][20][21]
[22][23]
1987 X Board,
315-5211A & 315‑5278 		256 833,333 256 3200 8 to 512 8 to 256 15 Yes Yes 4 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha [24][19]
1988 System 24,
315-5293 & 315‑5295 		2048 503,808 164 1312 8 to 1024 8 to 1024 15 to 255 Yes Horizontal and vertical mirroring 4 tile layers Yes Alpha [25][26][27]
Y Board,
315-5196 & 315‑5305 		2176 1,049,476 500 4000 8 to 512 8 to 512 15 to 511 Yes Yes 1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha [28][29][19]
[23][30][31]
Yamaha YM7101 VDP
(Mega Drive, Mega‑Tech, Mega‑Play, System C) 		80 81,920 20 320 8, 16, 24, 32 8, 16, 24, 32 15 1, 2× integer, full screen Horizontal and vertical mirroring 3 tile layers (2 scrolling, 1 static) Yes Shadow / Highlight [32][1]
1989 Turbo OutRun,
315-5211 		128 419,200 128 1600 8 to 512 8 to 256 15 Yes Horizontal and vertical mirroring 2 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha
1990 System 32,
315-5387 		8192 833,333 400 3200 8 to 1024 8 to 1024 15 to 512 Yes Yes 4 tile layers and 1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha [33][25][34]
[35][36]
1991 Sega CD,
315-5548 ASIC 		80 81,920 20 320 8, 16, 24, 32 8, 16, 24, 32 15 Yes Yes 2 tile layers Yes Shadow / Highlight [37]
1994 Sega 32X,
32X VDP 		3800 243,200 182 1463 8 to 320 8 to 240 127 to 32,768 Yes Yes 2 tile layers Yes Alpha
Hitachi VDP1
(Saturn, STV) 		16,383 497,112 227 1820 8 to 504 1 to 255 15 to 32,768 Yes Yes, rotation/distortion,
forward texture mapping 		2–6 VDP2 layers
(1–5 tile layers,
1–4 bitmap layers) 		Yes Alpha [38][39][40]
[41][42][43]
[44][45]
1995 Sega H1 Board,
arcade hardware 		16,384 795 6361 8 to 1024 1 to 1024 15 to 262,144 Yes Yes, rotation/distortion,
forward texture mapping 		Tile and bitmap layers Yes Alpha [46][47]
1998 Dreamcast,
PowerVR CLX2 		31,250 1041 8333 8 to 2048 8 to 2048 15 to 16,777,216 Yes Yes, rotation/distortion,
perspective correction 		1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha
1998 Sega NAOMI,
PowerVR 2 		34,713 1157 9256 8 to 2048 8 to 2048 15 to 16,777,216 Yes Yes, rotation/distortion,
perspective correction 		1 bitmap layer Yes Alpha
Year System(s), chip(s) Sprites on screen Sprite tiles on screen Sprites on line Max. texels on line Texture width Texture height Colors Hardware zoom Rotation Background Collision detection Transparency References

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.polygon.com/features/2015/2/3/7952705/sega-genesis-masami-ishikawa
  2. ↑ Sprites and textures
  3. ↑ Sega Discrete Logic Hardware (System 16)
  4. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/kopunch.cpp
  5. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/kopunch.cpp
  6. ↑ Sega Unique Hardware (System 16)
  7. ↑ KO Punch (Vizzed)
  8. ↑ Sega G80 Hardware Reference (1997-10-25)
  9. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2013-01-04 20:21)
  10. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/turbo.cpp
  11. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/includes/turbo.h
  12. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/video/turbo.cpp
  13. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/sg1000a.cpp
  14. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/video/system1.cpp
  15. ↑ Sega Pre-System 16 hardware notes (2004-03-29)
  16. ↑ Sega Master System VDP documentation (2002-11-12)
  17. ↑ Sega Master System Technical Documentation (1998-06-10)
  18. ↑ http://github.com/Aypok/QuAD-SMS-Tilemap-Editor
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Sega "X-Board" hardware notes (2004-12-03)
  20. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segaorun.cpp
  21. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2006-06-11 10:51)
  22. ↑ http://www.coinop.org/kb_dl.aspx/KB/faqs/faq-sega%20outrun.html
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 http://imame4all.googlecode.com/svn-history/r146/Reloaded/trunk/src/mame/video/segaic16.c
  24. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segaxbd.cpp
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Sega System 24 Hardware Notes (2013-06-16)
  26. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segas24.cpp
  27. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2012-10-04 09:02)
  28. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segaybd.cpp
  29. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2013-01-04 20:22)
  30. ↑ Sega System 16B hardware notes (2003-01-12)
  31. ↑ http://reassembler.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/sega-system-16-sprite-viewer.html
  32. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2005-01-22 09:49)
  33. ↑ Sega System 32
  34. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/drivers/segas32.cpp
  35. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2013-01-04 20:22)
  36. ↑ http://www.shinforce.com/arcade/TechSpecs-Sys32.htm
  37. ↑ http://www.gamepilgrimage.com/content/sega-cd
  38. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf
  39. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf
  40. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2013-01-04 20:29)
  41. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2013-01-04 20:29)
  42. ↑ http://saturn.system11.org/html/saturn_specs.html
  43. ↑ htt (Wayback Machine: 2014-01-05 19:00)
  44. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/stv.cpp
  45. ↑ http://www.oocities.org/stephan_dolby/saturn_capabilities.html
  46. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/coolridr.cpp
  47. ↑ http://www.google.com/patents/US6141122
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