Difference between revisions of "Segasa"

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{{CompanyBob
 
{{CompanyBob
 
| logo=Segasa logo 3.png
 
| logo=Segasa logo 3.png
−
| width=
+
| founded=1968-03-25{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20010205055000/http://www.segasa.es:80/sega/empresa.htm}}{{ref|https://archive.ph/i2agp/1d46ae0bbfecd190cd7974269a6c3edf6933ecf8.png|https://i.ibb.co/dQx72mX/El-Economista-Revista-Semanal-Cientifica-EIndependiente-ES-Vol-80-1968-05-11-Page-1198.png}}
−
| founded=1968-03-25{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20010205055000/http://www.segasa.es:80/sega/empresa.htm}}
 
 
| defunct=2006
 
| defunct=2006
−
| tseries=
 
 
| mergedwith=
 
| mergedwith=
 
| mergedinto=
 
| mergedinto=
−
| headquarters=Carretera (highway) Toledo, km 22.900{{fileref|SegasadbaSonic.jpg}}, Apartado (P.O. Box) 16117, [[wikipedia:Parla|Parla]], Madrid, Spain (1973-2006) '''formerly:''' Calle (street) Adela Balboa{{magref|cb|1970-07-04|318}}, No. 3, Madrid 20 (1968-1973)
+
| headquartersdate=1968
 +
| headquarters=Calle (street) Adela Balboa{{magref|cb|1970-07-04|318}}, No. 3, Madrid 20, Spain
 +
| headquartersdate2=1973
 +
| headquarters2=Carretera (highway) Toledo, km 22.900{{fileref|SegasadbaSonic.jpg}}, Apartado (P.O. Box) 16117, [[wikipedia:Parla|Parla]], Madrid, Spain
 
}}
 
}}
−
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (originally founded as '''Sega S.A.''', '''Service Games [[wikipedia:S.A. (corporation)|Sociedad Anónima]]'''{{ref|http://blogpinball.blogspot.com/2016/07/segasa-sonic-desde-japon-hasta-parla.html}}) was a Spanish amusement company established on March 25, 1968, by [[Sega|Sega Enterprises, Ltd.]]-related shareholders. It produced coin-operated amusement machines and pinball tables, which were the only coin-op equipment legally produced in Spain at the time.
+
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (originally founded as Sega S.A., Service Games [[wikipedia:S.A. (corporation)|Sociedad Anónima]]{{ref|http://blogpinball.blogspot.com/2016/07/segasa-sonic-desde-japon-hasta-parla.html}}) was a Spanish amusement company established on March 25, 1968, by [[Sega Enterprises, Ltd.]]-related shareholders. It produced coin-operated amusement machines and pinball tables, which were the only coin-op equipment legally produced in Spain at the time.
  
 
==History==
 
==History==
 
[[File:Segasa HQ (1987).jpg|thumb|350px|right|The inside of Segasa's factory  in 1987]]
 
[[File:Segasa HQ (1987).jpg|thumb|350px|right|The inside of Segasa's factory  in 1987]]
−
Segasa was founded by [[Martin Bromley]]{{magref|cb|1974-10-19|91}} and Bert Siegel{{magref|cb|1975-08-16|45}}{{ref|http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GbD-cdxiRG0/VVA1hoiruNI/AAAAAAAAEG8/vounLj2tIpA/s1600/power%2B1978.PNG}} (Bertram Leroy Siegel{{fileref|Bert Siegel Letter to Charles Paul of Atari 1982-03-11.pdf|page=1}}, father of [https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/C4E03AQFYFC57rlvFyw/profile-displayphoto-shrink_200_200/0?e=1550707200&v=beta&t=gxKXwIq5CI3-KHRI5tzuFfN0HHxJzp62YmRRe7DpVEA Lawrence David Siegel], President of [[Atari]] from 1987 to 1992, of [[Black Pearl Software]] from 1992 to 1993 and COO of [[THQ]] from 1993 to 1995) in 1968 as a means of producing arcade machines for the Spanish market. Despite sharing a similar name and being associated with Sega executives, Segasa is not thought to have ever been a subsidiary{{magref|cb|1973-05-26|51}} of Sega in Japan or the US, but is thought to have manufactured and distributed Sega's products, with Japanese designs but with parts sourced from Europe. It also exported its own games, which may have been distributed by Sega in other regions.
+
Segasa was founded by [[Martin Bromley]]{{magref|cb|1974-10-19|91}}{{fileref|CoinSlot UK 1977-03-19, Page 23 (51).png}}{{magref|gamemachinejp|319|14}}, [[Richard Stewart]], [[Ray Lemaire]] and [[Scott Fobes Dotterer]]{{ref|https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/people/1255939-mr-scott-fobes-dotterer}}{{ref|https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qM0ncmRhb4_McxIMyR7oYjoi8PI/appointments}}{{fileref|AsahiEveningNews JP 1962-05-26, Page B1.png}}{{magref|cb|1968-06-29|69}}{{magref|cb|1966-03-26|85}}{{magref|cb|1968-06-29|69}} in 1968 as a means of producing arcade machines for the Spanish market. It was initially run by American businessman [[Bert Siegel]]{{magref|cb|1975-08-16|45}}{{fileref|Power 1978.PNG}}{{magref|cb|1977-10-29|59}}{{fileref|Fraud and Corruption in Management of Military Club Systems 1969 (United States Government Printing Office).pdf|page=1904}}, a longtime friend of Bromley, who was replaced in 1986 by former Segasa's  Vice President [[Eduardo Morales-Hermo]], who in turn took over the company until its dissolution in 2006{{intref|Interview: Eduardo Morales-Hermo (2022-10-05) by Sega-16}}. Despite sharing a similar name and being associated with Sega executives, Segasa is not thought to have ever been a subsidiary{{magref|cb|1973-05-26|51}} of Sega in Japan or the US, but is thought to have manufactured and distributed Sega's products, with Japanese designs but with parts sourced from Europe. It also exported its own games, which may have been distributed by Sega in other regions.
  
−
In Franco's Spain, gambling games ("type B" games) were not permitted, meaning Segasa could not benefit from Sega's history of slot machines and other gambling products. This law was overturned in 1977{{magref|azar|11|43}} during Spain's transition to democracy.
+
In [[wikipedia:Francoist Spain|Franco's Spain]], gambling games ("type B" games) were not permitted, meaning Segasa could not benefit from Sega's history of slot machines and other gambling products. This law was overturned in 1977{{magref|azar|11|43}} during Spain's transition to democracy.
  
−
In the mid-1970s, likely in conjunction with Sega changing its corporate logo, Segasa began trading as '''Sonic''' (years before the invention of Sega's mascot, ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog]]''), sometimes under the full title of '''Segasa d.b.a. Sonic''' (doing business as). It was during this time that Segasa signed distribution deals with other US and Japanese firms (such as [[Williams]], [[Atari, Inc. (1972–1984)|Atari, Inc.]]{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}} and even [[Nintendo]]{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}}), bringing further titles to Spain. Seeburg would acquire a 50% stake in Segasa in 1973{{magref|cb|1973-12-29|127}}.
+
In the mid-1970s, likely in conjunction with Sega changing its corporate logo, Segasa began trading as Sonic{{fileref|Trademark Sonic Ser Nº M1039416 1983-06-08 (World Intellectual Property Organization).pdf}}{{fileref|Trademark Sonic Ser Nº 74506605 1994-03-29 (World Intellectual Property Organization).pdf}}{{fileref|Trademark Sonic Ser Nº 000572404 1997-07-04 (European Union Intellectual Property Office).pdf}} (years before the invention of Sega's mascot, ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog]]''), sometimes under the full title of Segasa d.b.a. Sonic (doing business as). It was during this time that Segasa signed distribution deals with other US and Japanese firms (such as [[Williams]], [[Atari, Inc. (1972–1984)|Atari, Inc.]]{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}} and even [[Nintendo]]{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}}), bringing further titles to Spain. Seeburg would acquire a 50% stake in Segasa in 1973{{magref|cb|1973-12-29|127}}.
  
 
Segasa was also one of the few active video game companies operating in Spain that went out of its way to obtain official licensing agreements{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}}. At the time, it was more common to see unauthorised bootleg arcade boards, and for many years these grey markets competed directly with Segasa. Initially attempts were made to localise games for a Spanish audience, though many later games were left as originally intended.
 
Segasa was also one of the few active video game companies operating in Spain that went out of its way to obtain official licensing agreements{{fileref|Micromania ES 016.pdf|page=31}}. At the time, it was more common to see unauthorised bootleg arcade boards, and for many years these grey markets competed directly with Segasa. Initially attempts were made to localise games for a Spanish audience, though many later games were left as originally intended.
Line 23: Line 24:
 
During the 1980s Segasa introduced the "Video Sonic"{{magref|azar|10|10}}{{magref|azar|10|11}} concept - a standardised arcade cabinet with interchangable parts, allowing new arcade games to be hooked up without needless extra cost. By the 1990s virtually all game Spanish game production had ceased, with Segasa's main business being the importing and rebranding of arcade games for these Video Sonic cabinets.
 
During the 1980s Segasa introduced the "Video Sonic"{{magref|azar|10|10}}{{magref|azar|10|11}} concept - a standardised arcade cabinet with interchangable parts, allowing new arcade games to be hooked up without needless extra cost. By the 1990s virtually all game Spanish game production had ceased, with Segasa's main business being the importing and rebranding of arcade games for these Video Sonic cabinets.
  
−
In 1992 '''Sega, S.A. Sonic Desing UK''' a.ka. '''Sonic Games Limited'''{{fileref|Patent GB2281651A.pdf}} was established in [[wikipedia:Penarth|Penarth]], Wales, by Segasa's CEO and General Manager [[Eduardo Morales-Hermo]] and its long time friend, British game designer [[Ron Watts]]{{ref|https://www.coinslot.co.uk/2018/12/17/jpm-astra-games-sega-uk/}} (Ronald Arthur Watts, formerly of ''JPM Automatic Games Ltd''), as Segasa's game and software development subsidiary, which was a source for original game design and game software development for the International, UK and Spanish gaming markets. '''Sega, S.A. Sonic Desing UK''' would be acquired in 2004{{fileref|DiePresse DE 2004-09-23.pdf}} by the [https://www.novomatic.com/en/explore-novomatic/about-novomatic ''Novomatic Group of Companies''] (one of the global leaders in the international gaming industry, founded in 1980{{ref|https://www.forbes.com/profile/johann-graf/#11a2ab772a88}} by Austrian billionaire Johann Graf, in [[wikipedia:Gumpoldskirchen|Gumpoldskirchen]], Austria), becoming [https://www.astra-games.com/ ''Astra Games Limited''].
+
On September 30, 1991{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20220520180452/https://www.companieslist.co.uk/FC016883-sega-s-a}} Sega, S.A. Sonic UK Design Ltd{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20220614121922/https://www.companieslist.co.uk/03647846-sega-s-a-sonic-u-k-design-limited|page=7}}{{fileref|AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1999-04-14) 1999-04-16.pdf|page=7}} a.ka. Sonic Games Limited{{fileref|AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1994-05-10) 1994-06-08.pdf|page=3}}{{fileref|Patent GB2281651A.pdf}} was established in [[wikipedia:Penarth|Penarth]], Wales, by Segasa's CEO and General Manager [[Eduardo Morales-Hermo]] and its long time friend, British game designer [[Ron Watts]]{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20181226011910/https://www.coinslot.co.uk/2018/12/17/jpm-astra-games-sega-uk/}} (Ronald Arthur Watts), formerly of ''JPM Automatic Machines Ltd''{{fileref|AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1994-05-10) 1994-06-08.pdf|page=4}}{{magref|cb|1977-01-01|35}}{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20190130120628/https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/d4wAAOSwMl9aUFXC/s-l1600.jpg}} (later [[JPM International]]{{ref|http://www.jpm.co.uk/home/}}), as Segasa's game and software development subsidiary, which was a source for original game design and game software development for the International, UK and Spanish gaming markets. Sega, S.A. Sonic UK Design Ltd would be acquired in 2004{{fileref|DiePresse DE 2004-09-23.pdf}} by the [https://www.novomatic.com/en/explore-novomatic/about-novomatic Novomatic Group of Companies] (one of the global leaders in the international gaming industry, founded in 1980{{ref|https://www.forbes.com/profile/johann-graf/#11a2ab772a88}} by Austrian billionaire Johann Graf, in [[wikipedia:Gumpoldskirchen|Gumpoldskirchen]], Austria), becoming [https://www.astra-games.com/ Astra Games Limited].
  
−
In 1994 Segasa became wholly owned by Spanish shareholders. As the decade drew to a close and more elaborate arcade cabinets were becoming more commonplace, Segasa moved into the gambling sector, but with the advent of the [[wikipedia:Euro|Euro]]{{intref|Press Release: 2002-04-17: El fabricante de recreativos Sega suspende pagos por el euro}} and due to fierce competition of rival companies, like ''[[wikipedia:Cirsa|Cirsa]]'' and ''[http://www.rfranco.com/en/history Recreativos Franco]'' the company was relegated to a modest third place, obtaining only 15% of the market{{intref|Press Release: 2002-04-17: El fabricante de recreativos Sega suspende pagos por el euro}}, wenting into court-appointed [[wikipedia:Receivership|receivership]] on March 2nd, 2005{{fileref|Boletín Oficial del Registro Mercantil (2005-03-22).pdf}} with a debt of €371.920,59 before closing its doors in 2006.
+
In 1994 Segasa became wholly owned by Spanish shareholders. As the decade drew to a close and more elaborate arcade cabinets were becoming more commonplace, Segasa moved into the gambling sector, but with the advent of the [[wikipedia:Euro|Euro]]{{intref|Press Release: 2002-04-17: El fabricante de recreativos Sega suspende pagos por el euro}} and due to fierce competition of rival companies, like [[Cirsa]] and [http://www.rfranco.com/en/history Recreativos Franco] the company was relegated to a modest third place, obtaining only 15% of the market{{intref|Press Release: 2002-04-17: El fabricante de recreativos Sega suspende pagos por el euro}}, wenting into court-appointed [[wikipedia:Receivership|receivership]] on March 2nd, 2005{{fileref|Boletín Oficial del Registro Mercantil (2005-03-22).pdf}} with a debt of €371.920,59 before closing its doors in 2006.
  
 
==Softography{{fileref|Boletín Oficial de Castilla y León 2010-05-12.pdf|page=43}}==
 
==Softography{{fileref|Boletín Oficial de Castilla y León 2010-05-12.pdf|page=43}}==
−
===Electro-mechanical arcade===
+
{{CompanyHistoryAll|Segasa|Sonic}}
−
{{multicol|
 
−
*''[[El Alamein]]''
 
−
*''[[Grand Prix]]''
 
−
*''[[Guerrilla Fighter]]''
 
−
*''[[Helicopter]]''
 
−
*''[[Killer Shark]]''
 
−
*''[[Missile]]''
 
−
*''[[Rally]]''
 
−
*''[[Red Baron]]''
 
−
*''[[Safari]]''
 
−
*''[[Soccer (Segasa)|Soccer]]''
 
−
}}
 
−
 
 
−
===Pinball===
 
−
{{multicol|
 
−
*''[[Bird Man]]''
 
−
*''[[Butterfly]]''
 
−
*''[[Cannes]]''
 
−
*''[[Casino Royale]]''
 
−
*''[[Cherry Bell]]''
 
−
*''[[Chorus Line]]''
 
−
*''[[Faces]]''
 
−
*''[[Monaco]]''
 
−
*''[[Gamatron]]''
 
−
*''[[Hang-On (pinball)|Hang-On]]''
 
−
*''[[Jai-Alai..]]''
 
−
*''[[Joker's Wild (pinball)|Joker's Wild]]''
 
−
*''[[Mars Trek]]''
 
−
*''[[Night Fever]]''
 
−
*''[[Odin Deluxe]]''
 
−
*''[[Pole Position]]''
 
−
*''[[Prospector]]''
 
−
*''[[Solar Wars]]''
 
−
*''[[Space Queen]]''
 
−
*''[[Star Wars (pinball)|Star Wars]]''
 
−
*''[[Super Straight]]''
 
−
*''[[Third World]]''
 
−
|cols=4}}
 
  
 
====Imported====
 
====Imported====
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*''High Ace'' (''Dealer's Choice''/''Lucky Ace''; Williams)
 
*''High Ace'' (''Dealer's Choice''/''Lucky Ace''; Williams)
 
*''Lucky Ace'' (Williams)
 
*''Lucky Ace'' (Williams)
 +
*''Odisea Paris-Dakar'' (Peyper)
 
*''Spanish Eyes'' (''Super Filte''/''Strato-Flite''; Williams)
 
*''Spanish Eyes'' (''Super Filte''/''Strato-Flite''; Williams)
 
*''Star-Flite'' (Williams)
 
*''Star-Flite'' (Williams)
 
*''Storm'' (''Flash''; Williams)
 
*''Storm'' (''Flash''; Williams)
 +
*''Super Star'' (Williams)
 
*''Travel Time'' (Williams)
 
*''Travel Time'' (Williams)
 
*''Triple Action'' (Williams)
 
*''Triple Action'' (Williams)
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Segasa HQ (1973).jpg|Segasa headquarters in 1973
 
Segasa HQ (1973).jpg|Segasa headquarters in 1973
 
Segasa HQ1 (1987).jpg|An assembly line in Segasa's factory (1987)
 
Segasa HQ1 (1987).jpg|An assembly line in Segasa's factory (1987)
 +
</gallery>
 +
 +
==Promotional material==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Segasa ES Keyring and Pen.jpg|ES promotional keyring and pen
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[https://patents.google.com/?assignee=Sega+SA Patents and inventions assigned to Segasa at '''patents.google.com''']
+
*[https://patents.google.com/?assignee=Sega+SA Patents and inventions assigned to Segasa at patents.google.com]
−
*[https://patents.google.com/?assignee=Sonic+Games+Limited Patents and inventions assigned to Sega, S.A. Sonic Desing UK at '''patents.google.com''']
+
*[https://patents.google.com/?assignee=Sonic+Games+Limited Patents and inventions assigned to Sega, S.A. Sonic UK Design Ltd at patents.google.com]
−
*[https://patents.google.com/?inventor=Ronald+Arthur+Watts Patents and inventions assigned to Ronald Arthur Watts at '''patents.google.com''']
+
*[https://patents.google.com/?inventor=Ronald+Arthur+Watts Patents and inventions assigned to Ronald Arthur Watts at patents.google.com]
−
*[https://www.arcade-museum.com/manuf_detail.php?manuf_id=601 JPM Automatic Games Ltd softography at '''www.arcade-museum.com''']
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:03, 13 November 2024

https://segaretro.org/images/2/2c/Segasa_logo_3.png

Segasa logo 3.png
Segasa
Founded: 1968-03-25[1][2]
Defunct: 2006
Headquarters:
1968:  Calle (street) Adela Balboa[3], No. 3, Madrid 20, Spain
1973:  Carretera (highway) Toledo, km 22.900[4], Apartado (P.O. Box) 16117, Parla, Madrid, Spain

Segasa (originally founded as Sega S.A., Service Games Sociedad Anónima[5]) was a Spanish amusement company established on March 25, 1968, by Sega Enterprises, Ltd.-related shareholders. It produced coin-operated amusement machines and pinball tables, which were the only coin-op equipment legally produced in Spain at the time.

History

The inside of Segasa's factory in 1987

Segasa was founded by Martin Bromley[6][7][8], Richard Stewart, Ray Lemaire and Scott Fobes Dotterer[9][10][11][12][13][12] in 1968 as a means of producing arcade machines for the Spanish market. It was initially run by American businessman Bert Siegel[14][15][16][17], a longtime friend of Bromley, who was replaced in 1986 by former Segasa's Vice President Eduardo Morales-Hermo, who in turn took over the company until its dissolution in 2006[18]. Despite sharing a similar name and being associated with Sega executives, Segasa is not thought to have ever been a subsidiary[19] of Sega in Japan or the US, but is thought to have manufactured and distributed Sega's products, with Japanese designs but with parts sourced from Europe. It also exported its own games, which may have been distributed by Sega in other regions.

In Franco's Spain, gambling games ("type B" games) were not permitted, meaning Segasa could not benefit from Sega's history of slot machines and other gambling products. This law was overturned in 1977[20] during Spain's transition to democracy.

In the mid-1970s, likely in conjunction with Sega changing its corporate logo, Segasa began trading as Sonic[21][22][23] (years before the invention of Sega's mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog), sometimes under the full title of Segasa d.b.a. Sonic (doing business as). It was during this time that Segasa signed distribution deals with other US and Japanese firms (such as Williams, Atari, Inc.[24] and even Nintendo[24]), bringing further titles to Spain. Seeburg would acquire a 50% stake in Segasa in 1973[25].

Segasa was also one of the few active video game companies operating in Spain that went out of its way to obtain official licensing agreements[24]. At the time, it was more common to see unauthorised bootleg arcade boards, and for many years these grey markets competed directly with Segasa. Initially attempts were made to localise games for a Spanish audience, though many later games were left as originally intended.

During the 1980s Segasa introduced the "Video Sonic"[26][27] concept - a standardised arcade cabinet with interchangable parts, allowing new arcade games to be hooked up without needless extra cost. By the 1990s virtually all game Spanish game production had ceased, with Segasa's main business being the importing and rebranding of arcade games for these Video Sonic cabinets.

On September 30, 1991[28] Sega, S.A. Sonic UK Design Ltd[29][30] a.ka. Sonic Games Limited[31][32] was established in Penarth, Wales, by Segasa's CEO and General Manager Eduardo Morales-Hermo and its long time friend, British game designer Ron Watts[33] (Ronald Arthur Watts), formerly of JPM Automatic Machines Ltd[34][35][36] (later JPM International[37]), as Segasa's game and software development subsidiary, which was a source for original game design and game software development for the International, UK and Spanish gaming markets. Sega, S.A. Sonic UK Design Ltd would be acquired in 2004[38] by the Novomatic Group of Companies (one of the global leaders in the international gaming industry, founded in 1980[39] by Austrian billionaire Johann Graf, in Gumpoldskirchen, Austria), becoming Astra Games Limited.

In 1994 Segasa became wholly owned by Spanish shareholders. As the decade drew to a close and more elaborate arcade cabinets were becoming more commonplace, Segasa moved into the gambling sector, but with the advent of the Euro[40] and due to fierce competition of rival companies, like Cirsa and Recreativos Franco the company was relegated to a modest third place, obtaining only 15% of the market[40], wenting into court-appointed receivership on March 2nd, 2005[41] with a debt of €371.920,59 before closing its doors in 2006.

Softography[42]

Electro-mechanical arcade

Electro-mechanical pinball

Solid state pinball

Arcade

Zaxxon hardware

G80

System 16

System 24

Imported

  • Astro-Flite (Strato-Flite; Williams)
  • Baby Doll (Satin Doll; Williams)
  • Big Ben (Williams)
  • Casbah (Darling/Jubilee; Williams)
  • Gulfstream (Williams)
  • High Ace (Dealer's Choice/Lucky Ace; Williams)
  • Lucky Ace (Williams)
  • Odisea Paris-Dakar (Peyper)
  • Spanish Eyes (Super Filte/Strato-Flite; Williams)
  • Star-Flite (Williams)
  • Storm (Flash; Williams)
  • Super Star (Williams)
  • Travel Time (Williams)
  • Triple Action (Williams)

Arcade

Imported

Photo gallery

  • Segasa headquarters, 19xx

  • Segasa HQ 2.jpg

  • Segasa headquarters in 1973

  • An assembly line in Segasa's factory (1987)

Promotional material

  • ES promotional keyring and pen

Logos

  • 19xx-19xx

  • 19xx-197x

  • 197x-19xx

  • 19xx-19xx

  • 198x-19xx

  • 19xx-200x

External links

References

  1. ↑ http://www.segasa.es:80/sega/empresa.htm (Wayback Machine: 2001-02-05 05:50)
  2. ↑ https://i.ibb.co/dQx72mX/El-Economista-Revista-Semanal-Cientifica-EIndependiente-ES-Vol-80-1968-05-11-Page-1198.png (archive.today)
  3. ↑ Cash Box, "July 4, 1970" (US; 1970-07-04), page 318
  4. ↑ File:SegasadbaSonic.jpg
  5. ↑ http://blogpinball.blogspot.com/2016/07/segasa-sonic-desde-japon-hasta-parla.html
  6. ↑ Cash Box, "October 19, 1974" (US; 1974-10-19), page 91
  7. ↑ File:CoinSlot UK 1977-03-19, Page 23 (51).png
  8. ↑ Game Machine, "1987-11-01" (JP; 1987-11-01), page 14
  9. ↑ https://suite.endole.co.uk/insight/people/1255939-mr-scott-fobes-dotterer
  10. ↑ https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qM0ncmRhb4_McxIMyR7oYjoi8PI/appointments
  11. ↑ File:AsahiEveningNews JP 1962-05-26, Page B1.png
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cash Box, "June 29, 1968" (US; 1968-06-29), page 69
  13. ↑ Cash Box, "March 26, 1966" (US; 1966-03-26), page 85
  14. ↑ Cash Box, "August 16, 1975" (US; 1975-08-16), page 45
  15. ↑ File:Power 1978.PNG
  16. ↑ Cash Box, "October 29, 1977" (US; 1977-10-29), page 59
  17. ↑ Fraud and Corruption in Management of Military Club Systems/Illegal Currency Manipulations Affecting South Vietnam: US Senate Hearings (1969-09-30 — 1969-10-07), page 1904
  18. ↑ Interview: Eduardo Morales-Hermo (2022-10-05) by Sega-16
  19. ↑ Cash Box, "May 26, 1973" (US; 1973-05-26), page 51
  20. ↑ Azar, "Octubre 1985" (ES; 1985-xx-xx), page 43
  21. ↑ File:Trademark Sonic Ser Nº M1039416 1983-06-08 (World Intellectual Property Organization).pdf
  22. ↑ File:Trademark Sonic Ser Nº 74506605 1994-03-29 (World Intellectual Property Organization).pdf
  23. ↑ File:Trademark Sonic Ser Nº 000572404 1997-07-04 (European Union Intellectual Property Office).pdf
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 File:Micromania ES 016.pdf, page 31
  25. ↑ Cash Box, "December 29, 1973" (US; 1973-12-29), page 127
  26. ↑ Azar, "Septiembre 1985" (ES; 1985-xx-xx), page 10
  27. ↑ Azar, "Septiembre 1985" (ES; 1985-xx-xx), page 11
  28. ↑ https://www.companieslist.co.uk/FC016883-sega-s-a (Wayback Machine: 2022-05-20 18:04)
  29. ↑ https://www.companieslist.co.uk/03647846-sega-s-a-sonic-u-k-design-limited (Wayback Machine: 2022-06-14 12:19)
  30. ↑ File:AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1999-04-14) 1999-04-16.pdf, page 7
  31. ↑ File:AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1994-05-10) 1994-06-08.pdf, page 3
  32. ↑ File:Patent GB2281651A.pdf
  33. ↑ https://www.coinslot.co.uk/2018/12/17/jpm-astra-games-sega-uk/ (Wayback Machine: 2018-12-26 01:19)
  34. ↑ File:AstraGamesLtd Annual Return (made up to 1994-05-10) 1994-06-08.pdf, page 4
  35. ↑ Cash Box, "January 1, 1977" (US; 1977-01-01), page 35
  36. ↑ https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/d4wAAOSwMl9aUFXC/s-l1600.jpg (Wayback Machine: 2019-01-30 12:06)
  37. ↑ http://www.jpm.co.uk/home/
  38. ↑ File:DiePresse DE 2004-09-23.pdf
  39. ↑ https://www.forbes.com/profile/johann-graf/#11a2ab772a88
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Press Release: 2002-04-17: El fabricante de recreativos Sega suspende pagos por el euro
  41. ↑ File:Boletín Oficial del Registro Mercantil (2005-03-22).pdf
  42. ↑ File:Boletín Oficial de Castilla y León 2010-05-12.pdf, page 43
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