Difference between revisions of "Sega Saturn/Hardware comparison"

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Vs. PlayStation

The Sega Saturn generally has more raw power than the rival PlayStation,^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] but its complex hardware was more difficult to get to grips with.^[2]^[3]^[5]^[3]^[6] The Saturn has more computational power and faster pixel drawing; the PS1 can only draw pixels through its polygon engine, whereas the Saturn can draw pixels directly with its processors, giving it more programming flexibility.^[7]

When both SH-2 and the SCU DSP are used in parallel, the Saturn is capable of computing fixed-point operations faster than the PS1's GTE. The GTE is faster at calculating 3D geometry than each SH-2 and SCU DSP individually, but when these processors are used as a parallel geometry engine, the Saturn calculates 3D geometry faster than the PS1.^[3]^[6] In addition, the VDP2 has its own internal geometry processing unit for its 3D planes, allowing both SH-2 and the SCU DSP to calculate geometry for the VDP1 polygons.

In terms of polygon rendering fillrate, the PS1's GPU and the Saturn's VDP1 have similar performance. The GPU has a performance advantage for large polygons and flat shading, while the VDP1 has a performance advantage for small polygons and Gouraud shading. The GPU uses multiplicative Gouraud shading,^[8] which halves its fillrate,^[9] whereas the VDP1 uses additive Gouraud shading,^[8] which has less of an impact on fillrate.^[10]

The Saturn's VDP2 has a higher rendering fillrate than the PS1's GPU. If the VDP2 is used for drawing textured 3D infinite planes, this significantly reduces the fillrate requirements of the VDP1, maximizing its fillrate for other 3D assets. In comparison, the PS1's GPU needs to use much of its fillrate to render textured planes, with very limited draw distance compared to the VDP2, limiting the PS1's fillrate for other 3D assets.^[11] When the VDP1 and VDP2 are used in parallel, the Saturn is capable of a significantly higher fillrate than the PS1.

The VDP1's quad polygons are rendered with forward texture mapping (a form of perspective correction), bilinear approximation (reduces texture warping), and medium polygon accuracy (resulting in seamless polygons), while the VDP2's textured infinite planes are rendered with true perspective correction, whereas the PS1's triangle polygons are rendered with affine texture mapping (which lacks perspective correction, resulting in perspective distortion), linear approximation (resulting in texture warping), and low polygon accuracy (resulting in seams between polygons).^[8]^[12] In terms of transparency, the PS1's GPU is more effective than the VDP1, whereas the VDP2 is more effective than the PS1's GPU. In terms of visual effects, the VDP2 is more effective at visual effects such as misting and reflective water effects.^[2]

The PS1's straightforward hardware architecture, triangle polygons, and more effective development tools and C language support, made it easier for developers to program 3D graphics. When it came to 2D graphics, on the other hand, the Saturn's combination of a VDP1 sprite framebuffer and VDP2 parallax scrolling backgrounds made it both more powerful and straightforward to program 2D graphics, compared to the PS1 which draws all 2D graphics to a single framebuffer.

Original PlayStation

The Saturn's VDP1 had smoother and more intense Gouraud shading than the PS1's GPU.^[2] The VDP1's additive Gouraud shading displayed significantly more shades, resulting in smoother shading, and had more intense colored lighting,^[8] whereas the GPU's multiplicative Gouraud shading displayed much fewer shades, resulting in color banding, but had more intense white light.

In terms of memory, the Saturn has more RAM and VRAM than the PS1. The Saturn's VRAM (SDRAM) is also generally faster, with a higher overall bandwidth and lower latency, than the PS1's VRAM. On the other hand, the PS1's GPU has a small, on-chip texture cache. However, the Saturn's VRAM is equivalent to the PS1's texture cache, as the Saturn's VRAM has low latency, with an access time comaprable to the PS1's texture cache. In comparison, the PS1's VRAM has a latency almost twice as high as, with almost half the access speed of, the Saturn's VRAM. The Saturn's VDP1 and VDP2 are capable of single-cycle VRAM access,^[13]^[14] whereas the PS1's GPU requires multiple cycles for each VRAM access,^[15]^[16] making the texture cache necessary to help reduce the effect of the PS1's VRAM latency. Due to the Saturn VRAM's low latency, it functions like a very large texture cache. In addition, the VDP2 is capable of tiled texture compression, further increasing the amount of texture data the VDP2's VRAM can hold, though this only applies to the VDP2.

Revised PlayStation

The comparison above is for the original PS1 hardware, used in the SCPH-1000 to SCPH-3500 models, released from 1994 to 1995. A new PS1 hardware was introduced with the SCPH-5000 model, released for Japan in late 1995. This new hardware was eventually introduced to North America in late 1996 and then the rest of the world in 1997. This was the basis for the hardware used in subsequent PlayStation models.

The new PS1 hardware replaced the VRAM with SGRAM, which was capable of lower latency, allowing faster memory access. The SGRAM's lower latency was only used for faster transparency blending and improved Gouraud shading. The original PS1 hardware's 5-bit Gouraud shading led to color banding, which was eliminated by the new PS1 hardware, which improved it to 8-bit Gouraud shading. This still results in fewer shades than the Saturn's VDP1, which produces 15-bit Gouraud shading. However, the PS1's GPU is capable of full-screen dithering, which could give the illusion of smoother shading on the newer PS1 hardware.

Vs. Nintendo 64

Vs. PC

The Saturn's VDP1 was the basis for NVIDIA's first graphics processor, the NV1, which was one of the first 3D graphics accelerators on PC, released in 1995. Like the Saturn, it uses quad polygons and supports forward texture mapping with limited perspective correction, and several Saturn ports are available for it. However, the NV1 has a lower fillrate and rendering performance

The most powerful PC graphics card of 1995 was Yamaha's Tasmania 3D, which was based on triangle polygons. It had a higher fillrate and rendering throughput than the NV1, but less than the Saturn and PlayStation.

Graphics comparison table

See Sega Saturn technical specifications for more technical details on Saturn hardware

System		Sega Saturn (1994)	Sony PlayStation (1994)	Nintendo 64 (1996)	Sega Model 2 (1993)	PC (1995)
Geometry processors		2x Hitachi SH-2 (28.63636 MHz),^{[n 1]} Sega SCU DSP (14.31818 MHz), Yamaha VDP2 (57.27272 MHz)	Sony GTE (33.8688 MHz)^[19]	NEC VR4300 (93.75 MHz), SGI RSP (62.6 MHz)^[20]	6x Fujitsu TGP (16 MHz), Intel i960-KB (25 MHz), Sega chipset (50 MHz)	Intel Pentium (133 MHz)
Arithmetic operations		110 MOPS^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	66 MOPS^[23]	190 MOPS^{[n 4]}	210 MOPS	66 MOPS^{[n 5]}
Calculations	Additions	85 million adds/sec^{[n 6]}	66 million adds/sec^[24]	100 million adds/sec^{[n 7]}	110 million adds/sec	66 million adds/sec^{[n 8]}
	Multiplications	85 million multiplies/sec^{[n 9]}	66 million multiplies/sec^[24]	100 million multiplies/sec	110 million multiplies/sec	44 million multiplies/sec^{[n 10]}
	16-bit divisions	5 million divides/sec^{[n 11]}	4 million divides/sec^{[n 12]}	14 million divides/sec^{[n 13]}	30 million divides/sec	4 million divides/sec^{[n 14]}
Geometry	Transformations	2,400,000 vertices/sec,^{[n 15]} 1,800,000 polygons/sec^{[n 16]}	1,900,000 vertices/sec,^{[n 17]} 1,300,000 polygons/sec^{[n 18]}	2,500,000 vertices/sec,^{[n 19]} 2,000,000 polygons/sec^{[n 20]}	6,000,000 vertices/sec, 2,000,000 polygons/sec	1,100,000 vertices/sec,^{[n 21]} 380,000 polygons/sec^{[n 22]}
	Flat lighting	800,000 polygons/sec^{[n 23]}	600,000 polygons/sec^{[n 24]}	1,400,000 polygons/sec^{[n 25]}	2,000,000 polygons/sec	290,000 polygons/sec^{[n 26]}
	Gouraud lighting	700,000 polygons/sec^{[n 27]}	360,000 polygons/sec^{[n 28]}	1,000,000 polygons/sec^{[n 29]}	1,500,000 polygons/sec	200,000 polygons/sec^{[n 30]}
Rendering processors		Hitachi VDP1 (28.63636 MHz), Yamaha VDP2 (57.27272 MHz)	Sony GPU (33.8688 MHz)^[44]	SGI RDP (62.6 MHz)^[20]	Lockheed Martin (50 MHz), Sega System 24 (32 MHz)	NVIDIA NV1 (12.5 MHz)^{[n 31]}	Yamaha Tasmania 3D (50 MHz)^[45]
Bitmap framebuffer fillrate	15-bit color/pixel	85 MPixels/s^{[n 32]}	33 MPixels/s^[44]	62 MPixels/s	110 MPixels/s	12 MPixels/s	25 MPixels/s
	8-bit color/pixel	150 MPixels/s^{[n 33]}	67 MPixels/s^{[n 34]}	120 MPixels/s^{[n 35]}	230 MPixels/s
	4-bit color/pixel	260 MPixels/s^{[n 36]}	67 MPixels/s^{[n 37]}	250 MPixels/s^{[n 38]}	260 MPixels/s
Tile fillrate	15-bit color/tile	560 MPixels/s^{[n 39]}	33 MPixels/s	120 MPixels/s^{[n 35]}	110 MPixels/s
Tile fillrate	8-bit color/tile	570 MPixels/s^{[n 40]}	67 MPixels/s^{[n 37]}	250 MPixels/s^{[n 38]}	230 MPixels/s
Flat shading	Fillrate (8-bit color)	28 MPixels/s (VDP1)	66 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 18 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)	62 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 40 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)^{[n 41]}	200 MPixels/s	12 MPixels/s	25 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 18 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)
	Fillrate (15-bit color)	28 MPixels/s (VDP1)	33 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 18 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)^[47]	62 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 40 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)	100 MPixels/s	12 MPixels/s	25 MPixels/s (512×512 polys), 18 MPixels/s (10×10 polys)
	Polygons	800,000 polygons/s (32-pixel), 500,000 polygons/s (50-pixel)^{[n 42]}	500,000 polygons/s (32-pixel),^{[n 43]} 360,000 polygons/s (50-pixel)^[47]	900,000 polygons/s (32-pixel), 600,000 polygons/s (64-pixel)^{[n 44]}	900,000 polygons/s (100-pixel)	50,000 polygons/s	290,000 polygons/s
Gouraud shading	Shades	32,768 shades (15-bit)^[49]	32 shades (5-bit)^{[n 45]}	65,536 shades (16-bit)	32,768 shades (15-bit)	16 shades (4-bit)	16 shades (4-bit)
	Fillrate (polygons)	28 MPixels/s (512×512), 16 MPixels/s (10×10)^{[n 46]}	33 MPixels/s (512×512), 10 MPixels/s (10×10)^[52]	62 MPixels/s (512×512),^[53] 40 MPixels/s (10×10)	31 MPixels/s (512×512), 19 MPixels/s (10×10)^{[n 47]}	10 MPixels/s	25 MPixels/s (512×512), 10 MPixels/s (10×10)
	Polygons	200,000 polygons/s^{[n 48]}	200,000 polygons/s^[52]	600,000 polygons/s	300,000 polygons/s	50,000 polygons/s	200,000 polygons/s
Texture mapping	Fillrate (bitmap textures)	47 MTexels/s (504×255), 14 MTexels/s (10×10)^{[n 49]}	33 MTexels/s (64×64),^{[n 50]} 10 MTexels/s (10×10)^[52]	60 MTexels/s (128×64),^{[n 51]} 30 MTexels/s (10×10)^{[n 52]}	100 MTexels/s	10 MTexels/s	12 MTexels/s (64×64), 10 MTexels/s (10×10)
	Fillrate (tiled textures)	500 MTexels/s (VDP2) (2048×2048 to 4096×4096)^[59]	33 MTexels/s (256×256)^[60]	62 MTexels/s^[58] (128×128 to 1024×256)^[61]	100 MTexels/s	10 MTexels/s	12 MTexels/s (64×64), 10 MTexels/s (10×10)
	4-bit color	300,000 polygons/s (32-texel), 200,000 polygons/s (70-texel)	200,000 polygons/s (50-texel)^[52]	600,000 polygons/s (32-texel), 400,000 polygons/s (70-texel)^{[n 53]}	900,000 polygons/s (100-texel)	50,000 polygons/s	150,000 polygons/s
	8-bit color	300,000 polygons/s (32-texel), 200,000 polygons/s (70-texel)	100,000 polygons/s (50-texel)^[52]	600,000 polygons/s (62-texel), 400,000 polygons/s (70-texel)	900,000 polygons/s (100-texel)	50,000 polygons/s	100,000 polygons/s
	15-bit color	200,000 polygons/s (70-texel)	60,000 polygons/s (50-texel)^[52]	400,000 polygons/s (70-texel)	900,000 polygons/s (100-texel)	50,000 polygons/s	60,000 polygons/s
Texture Gouraud shading	Fillrate (textures)	19 MTexels/s (504×255), 9 MTexels/s (10×10)	16 MTexels/s (256×256),^{[n 54]} 7 MTexels/s (10×10)^[52]	60 MTexels/s (128×64), 30 MTexels/s (10×10)	31 MPixels/s (512×512), 19 MPixels/s (10×10)	7 MTexels/s	7 MTexels/s
Texture Gouraud shading	Polygons	140,000 polygons/s (15-bit color)	140,000 polygons/s (4-bit color), 100,000 polygons/s (8-bit color)^[52]	500,000 polygons/s	300,000 polygons/s	50,000 polygons/s	100,000 polygons/s
Sprites	Fillrate (4/8-bit color)	12 MTexels/s (8×8), 130 MTexels/s (504×255),^{[n 55]} 250 MTexels/s (1024×1024)^{[n 56]} (flat and scaling)	10 MTexels/s (8×8, scaling), 15 MTexels/s (8×8, flat),^[9] 33 MTexels/s (256×256, scaling), 66 MTexels/s (256×256, flat)^[55]	20 MTexels/s (8×8), 62 MTexels/s (1024×256, scaling), 250 MTexels/s (1024×256, flat)^[46]	100 MTexels/s	10 MTexels/s	12 MTexels/s
	Fillrate (15-bit color)	12 MTexels/s (8×8), 47 MTexels/s (504×255),^{[n 57]} 250 MTexels/s (1024×1024)	10 MTexels/s (8×8),^[52] 33 MTexels/s (256×256)^[62]	40 MTexels/s (8×8), 120 MTexels/s (1024×256)	50 MTexels/s	10 MTexels/s	10 MTexels/s
	Sprites (8-bit color)	500,000 sprites/sec,^{[n 58]} 16,000 sprites/frame (VDP1)	240,000 sprites/sec,^[9] 4000 sprites/frame^[63]^[64]^[57]	400,000 sprites/sec,^{[n 59]} 7000 sprites/frame	900,000 sprites/sec, 15,000 sprites/frame	50,000 sprites/sec, 1000 sprites/frame	100,000 sprites/sec, 2000 sprites/frame
	Sprites (15-bit color)	500,000 sprites/sec, 16,000 sprites/frame (VDP1)	160,000 sprites/sec,^[52] 2600 sprites/frame	400,000 sprites/sec, 7000 sprites/frame	700,000 sprites/sec, 10,000 sprites/frame	50,000 sprites/sec, 1000 sprites/frame	100,000 sprites/sec, 2000 sprites/frame
Graphical planes		7 planes^{[n 60]}	1 plane	1 plane	5 planes^{[n 61]}	1 plane	1 plane
2D tilemap planes	2D planes	5 planes^{[n 62]}	1 plane	1 plane	5 planes	1 plane	1 plane
2D tilemap planes	Tiles	4,000,000 tiles/sec,^{[n 63]} 68,000 tiles/frame^{[n 64]}	240,000 tiles/sec, 4000 tiles/frame	400,000 tiles/sec, 10,000 tiles/frame	1,800,000 tiles/sec, 30,000 tiles/frame^{[n 65]}	50,000 tiles/sec, 1000 tiles/frame	100,000 tiles/sec, 2000 tiles/frame
3D textured planes	3D planes	3 planes^{[n 66]}	1 plane	1 plane	1 plane	1 plane	1 plane
3D textured planes	Equivalent textured polygons	1,300,000 polygons/s^{[n 67]}	200,000 polygons/s	600,000 polygons/s	900,000 polygons/s	50,000 polygons/s	150,000 polygons/s
Display resolution		704×512	640×512^[66]	720×576	656×496	640×480	640×480
Video RAM	Memory	4–8 MB^{[n 68]} (1 MB framebuffers)^{[n 69]}	3 MB^{[n 70]} (1 MB framebuffer)^{[n 71]}	4–8 MB^{[n 72]}	7–35 MB^{[n 73]}	2–4 MB^{[n 74]}	2–4 MB^{[n 75]}
	Bandwidth	440 MB/s^{[n 76]} (220 MB/s framebuffers)^{[n 77]}	200–260 MB/s^{[n 78]} (60–130 MB/s framebuffer)	560 MB/s^{[n 79]}	880 MB/s	96 MB/s^[74]	200 MB/s^{[n 80]}
	Latency	34 ns (VDP1), 17 ns (VDP2)	60 ns^{[n 81]}^{[n 82]}	60 ns^{[n 83]}	20 ns	80 ns^{[n 84]}	60 ns^[45]
Texture cache	Memory	1 MB^{[n 85]} (17 MB compressed)^{[n 86]}	2 KB	4 KB	4.5 MB^{[n 87]}	N/A
	Bandwidth	170 MB/s^{[n 88]} (590 MB/s compressed)^{[n 89]}	130 MB/s^[62]	500 MB/s^{[n 90]}	400 MB/s
	Latency	34 ns (VDP1), 17 ns (VDP2)	30 ns^{[n 91]}	16 ns^{[n 92]}	20 ns
	Compression	34:1 (tiled)^{[n 86]}	1:1 (N/A)	20:1 (JPEG)^{[n 93]}	1:1 (N/A)
CPU–GPU transmission bus		114 MB/s^{[n 94]}	60 MB/s^{[n 95]}	500 MB/s	80 MB/s	60 MB/s
System		Sega Saturn (1994)	PlayStation (1994)	Nintendo 64 (1996)	Sega Model 2 (1993)	PC (1995)

Notes

↑ [2x CPU cores, 2x DMAC controllers, 2x MULT multiplier DSP, 2x DIVU division units^[17]^[18] 2x CPU cores, 2x DMAC controllers, 2x MULT multiplier DSP, 2x DIVU division units^[17]^[18]]
↑ [MOPS (million operations per second) MOPS (million operations per second)]
↑ [2x SH-2 MULT DSP: 57.27272 MOPS^[21]
2x SH-2 DIVU: 1.468531 MOPS (39 cycles per divide)^[22]
SCU DSP: 28.63636 MOPS (add and multiply per cycle)
VDP2: 28.63636 MOPS (only for VDP2's 3D planes) 2x SH-2 MULT DSP: 57.27272 MOPS^[21]
2x SH-2 DIVU: 1.468531 MOPS (39 cycles per divide)^[22]
SCU DSP: 28.63636 MOPS (add and multiply per cycle)
VDP2: 28.63636 MOPS (only for VDP2's 3D planes)]
↑ [VR4300: 93.75 MFLOPS (1 floating-point operation per cycle)
RSP: 100 MFLOPS (1.6 floating-point operations per cycle) VR4300: 93.75 MFLOPS (1 floating-point operation per cycle)
RSP: 100 MFLOPS (1.6 floating-point operations per cycle)]
↑ [2 cycles per integer add 2 cycles per integer add]
↑ [2x SH-2: 57,272,720 adds/sec (1 cycle per add)^[21]
SCU DSP: 14,318,180 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)
VDP2: 14.31818 adds/sec 2x SH-2: 57,272,720 adds/sec (1 cycle per add)^[21]
SCU DSP: 14,318,180 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)
VDP2: 14.31818 adds/sec]
↑ [VR4300 offloads geometry calculations to RSP VR4300 offloads geometry calculations to RSP]
↑ [2 cycles per integer add,^[25] 3 cycles per floating-point add^[26] 2 cycles per integer add,^[25] 3 cycles per floating-point add^[26]]
↑ [2x SH-2 MULT DSP: 57,272,720 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)^[27]
SCU DSP: 14,318,180 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)
VDP2: 14.31818 multiplies/sec 2x SH-2 MULT DSP: 57,272,720 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)^[27]
SCU DSP: 14,318,180 multiplies/sec (1 cycle per multiply)
VDP2: 14.31818 multiplies/sec]
↑ [3 cycles per floating-point multiply,^[26] 9 cycles per integer multiply^[28] 3 cycles per floating-point multiply,^[26] 9 cycles per integer multiply^[28]]
↑ [2x CPU: 3,579,545 divides/sec (16 cycles per 16-bit divide)^[29]
2x DIVU: 1,468,531 divides/sec (39 cycles per divide)^[22] 2x CPU: 3,579,545 divides/sec (16 cycles per 16-bit divide)^[29]
2x DIVU: 1,468,531 divides/sec (39 cycles per divide)^[22]]
↑ [25 cycles (23 cycles instruction,^[30] 2 cycles delay^[31]) per 3 divides^[12] 25 cycles (23 cycles instruction,^[30] 2 cycles delay^[31]) per 3 divides^[12]]
↑ [7 FLOPS per divide^[32] 7 FLOPS per divide^[32]]
↑ [30 cycles per divide^[28] 30 cycles per divide^[28]]
↑
[Transformation (21 adds/multiplies),^[33] projection (4 adds/multiplies)^[34] and perspective division (1 divide)^[35] per vertex:
- 894,886 vertices/sec: 894,886 SCU DSP transformations (14 cycles per transform,^[33] 2 cycles per projection), 894,886 SH-2 DIVU divisions (1 divide per vertex)
- 573,644 vertices/sec: 14,341,100 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (25 cycles per vertex), 573,644 SH-2 DIVU divisions (1 divide per vertex)
- 1,011,294 vertices/sec: 41,463,054 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (41 cycles per vertex)
Transformation (21 adds/multiplies),^[33] projection (4 adds/multiplies)^[34] and perspective division (1 divide)^[35] per vertex:
- 894,886 vertices/sec: 894,886 SCU DSP transformations (14 cycles per transform,^[33] 2 cycles per projection), 894,886 SH-2 DIVU divisions (1 divide per vertex)
- 573,644 vertices/sec: 14,341,100 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (25 cycles per vertex), 573,644 SH-2 DIVU divisions (1 divide per vertex)
- 1,011,294 vertices/sec: 41,463,054 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (41 cycles per vertex)]
↑ [8 vertices per cube (6 quad polygons)^[36] 8 vertices per cube (6 quad polygons)^[36]]
↑ [17 cycles (15 cycles instruction,^[37] 2 cycles delay^[31]) per vertex 17 cycles (15 cycles instruction,^[37] 2 cycles delay^[31]) per vertex]
↑ [25 cycles (23 cycles instruction,^[30] 2 cycles delay) per triangle polygon 25 cycles (23 cycles instruction,^[30] 2 cycles delay) per triangle polygon]
↑ [39 FLOPS per vertex (32 multiplies/adds,^[38] 1 divide^[35]) 39 FLOPS per vertex (32 multiplies/adds,^[38] 1 divide^[35])]
↑ [16 vertex blocks, equivalent polygons/vertex ratio to triangle strips^[39] (N polygons per N+2 vertices), 14 polygons per 16 vertices (7 polygons per 8 vertices) 16 vertex blocks, equivalent polygons/vertex ratio to triangle strips^[39] (N polygons per N+2 vertices), 14 polygons per 16 vertices (7 polygons per 8 vertices)]
↑ [116 cycles per vertex (74 cycles matrix transformation,^[40] 4 projection multiplies/adds,^[38] 1 divide^[35]) 116 cycles per vertex (74 cycles matrix transformation,^[40] 4 projection multiplies/adds,^[38] 1 divide^[35])]
↑ [3 vertices per triangle polygon 3 vertices per triangle polygon]
↑
[8 transformations (168 adds/multiplies), 6 surface normals (72 multiplies, 36 adds),^[41] 6 light sources (72 adds/multiplies),^[42] 8 projections (32 adds/multiplies) and 8 perspective divisions (24 divides)^[34] per cube with 8 vertices and 6 quad polygons:
- 52,640 cubes/sec: 52,640 SCU DSP cubes (112 transform cycles, 72 surface normal cycles, 72 light source cycles,^[42] 16 projection cycles), 1,263,360 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 8548 cubes/sec: 2,940,512 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (347 cycles per cube), 205,152 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 72,614 cubes/sec: 52,862,992 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (728 cycles per cube)
8 transformations (168 adds/multiplies), 6 surface normals (72 multiplies, 36 adds),^[41] 6 light sources (72 adds/multiplies),^[42] 8 projections (32 adds/multiplies) and 8 perspective divisions (24 divides)^[34] per cube with 8 vertices and 6 quad polygons:
- 52,640 cubes/sec: 52,640 SCU DSP cubes (112 transform cycles, 72 surface normal cycles, 72 light source cycles,^[42] 16 projection cycles), 1,263,360 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 8548 cubes/sec: 2,940,512 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (347 cycles per cube), 205,152 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 72,614 cubes/sec: 52,862,992 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (728 cycles per cube)]
↑ [54 cycles (23 cycles RTPT, 8 cycles MVMVA, 17 cycles NCCS,^[43] 6 cycles delay) per triangle polygon 54 cycles (23 cycles RTPT, 8 cycles MVMVA, 17 cycles NCCS,^[43] 6 cycles delay) per triangle polygon]
↑
[976 FLOPS per 16-vertex block, 14 polygons per block, 75 FLOPS per polygon^[38]
- Transformation: 528 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (512 multiplies/adds, 16 divides)
- Lighting: 448 FLOPS per 14-polygon block (32 FLOPS per polygon)
976 FLOPS per 16-vertex block, 14 polygons per block, 75 FLOPS per polygon^[38]
- Transformation: 528 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (512 multiplies/adds, 16 divides)
- Lighting: 448 FLOPS per 14-polygon block (32 FLOPS per polygon)]
↑ [444 cycles: 348 cycles transformation (116 cycles per vertex), 32 lighting multiplies/adds^[38] 444 cycles: 348 cycles transformation (116 cycles per vertex), 32 lighting multiplies/adds^[38]]
↑
[8 transformations (168 adds/multiplies), 8 surface normals (96 multiplies, 48 adds), 8 light sources (96 adds/multiplies), 8 projections (32 adds/multiplies) and 8 perspective divisions (24 divides) per cube with 8 vertices and 6 quad polygons:
- 44,744 cubes/sec: 44,744 SCU DSP cubes (112 transform cycles, 96 surface normal cycles, 96 light source cycles, 16 projection cycles), 1,073,856 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 16,444 cubes/sec: 7,235,360 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (440 cycles per cube), 394,675 SH-2 DIVU divisions (8 divides per cube)
- 58,942 cubes/sec: 48,568,208 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (824 cycles per cube)
8 transformations (168 adds/multiplies), 8 surface normals (96 multiplies, 48 adds), 8 light sources (96 adds/multiplies), 8 projections (32 adds/multiplies) and 8 perspective divisions (24 divides) per cube with 8 vertices and 6 quad polygons:
- 44,744 cubes/sec: 44,744 SCU DSP cubes (112 transform cycles, 96 surface normal cycles, 96 light source cycles, 16 projection cycles), 1,073,856 SH-2 DIVU divisions (24 divides per cube)
- 16,444 cubes/sec: 7,235,360 SH-2 MULT DSP transform/projection operations (440 cycles per cube), 394,675 SH-2 DIVU divisions (8 divides per cube)
- 58,942 cubes/sec: 48,568,208 SH-2 transform/projection/divide cycles (824 cycles per cube)]
↑ [92 cycles (23 cycles RTPT, 24 cycles MVMVA, 39 cycles NCCT,^[43] 6 cycles delay) per triangle polygon 92 cycles (23 cycles RTPT, 24 cycles MVMVA, 39 cycles NCCT,^[43] 6 cycles delay) per triangle polygon]
↑
[1040 FLOPS per 16-vertex block, 14 polygons per block, 70 FLOPS per polygon^[38]
- Transformation: 528 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (512 multiplies/adds, 16 divides)
- Lighting: 512 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (32 FLOPS per vertex)
1040 FLOPS per 16-vertex block, 14 polygons per block, 70 FLOPS per polygon^[38]
- Transformation: 528 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (512 multiplies/adds, 16 divides)
- Lighting: 512 FLOPS per 16-vertex block (32 FLOPS per vertex)]
↑ [636 cycles: 348 cycles transformation (116 cycles per vertex), 96 lighting multiplies/adds^[38] 636 cycles: 348 cycles transformation (116 cycles per vertex), 96 lighting multiplies/adds^[38]]
↑ [Diamond Edge 3D Diamond Edge 3D]
↑ [VDP1: 28.63636 MPixels/s
VDP2: 57.27272 MPixels/s VDP1: 28.63636 MPixels/s
VDP2: 57.27272 MPixels/s]
↑ [VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s
VDP2: 114.54544 MPixels/s VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s
VDP2: 114.54544 MPixels/s]
↑ [67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading)^[44] 67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading)^[44]]
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 [120 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D) 120 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)]
↑ [VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s
VDP2: 229.09088 MPixels/s VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s
VDP2: 229.09088 MPixels/s]
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 [67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading) 67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading)]
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 [250 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D) 250 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)]
↑ [VDP1: 28.63636 MPixels/s
VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s VDP1: 28.63636 MPixels/s
VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s]
↑ [VDP1: 35.646464 MPixels/s
VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s VDP1: 35.646464 MPixels/s
VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s]
↑ [36 cycles memory access (9 cycles data and latency, double-buffering, CPU and GPU access) per polygon, 5 cycles data (40 bytes, 9 bytes/sec) and 4 cycles latency (60 ns access, 16 ns cycles) per polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per pixel: 460,294 polygons/sec (136 cycles per 10×10 pixel polygon) 36 cycles memory access (9 cycles data and latency, double-buffering, CPU and GPU access) per polygon, 5 cycles data (40 bytes, 9 bytes/sec) and 4 cycles latency (60 ns access, 16 ns cycles) per polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per pixel: 460,294 polygons/sec (136 cycles per 10×10 pixel polygon)]
↑ [16 cycles per polygon in 28.63636 MHz texture cache,^[48] 1 cycle per pixel in 28.63636 MHz framebuffer 16 cycles per polygon in 28.63636 MHz texture cache,^[48] 1 cycle per pixel in 28.63636 MHz framebuffer]
↑ [18 megapixels/sec for polygons that are 50-pixel or less^[47] 18 megapixels/sec for polygons that are 50-pixel or less^[47]]
↑ [36 cycles memory access (9 cycles data and latency, double-buffering, CPU and GPU access) per polygon, 5 cycles data (40 bytes, 9 bytes/sec) and 4 cycles latency (60 ns access, 16 ns cycles) per polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per pixel, 68 cycles per 32-pixel polygon, 100 cycles per 64-pixel polygon 36 cycles memory access (9 cycles data and latency, double-buffering, CPU and GPU access) per polygon, 5 cycles data (40 bytes, 9 bytes/sec) and 4 cycles latency (60 ns access, 16 ns cycles) per polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per pixel, 68 cycles per 32-pixel polygon, 100 cycles per 64-pixel polygon]
↑ [5-bit shading (32 shades) with color banding in original PlayStation hardware,^[50] 8-bit shading (256 shades) in newer PlayStation hardware 5-bit shading (32 shades) with color banding in original PlayStation hardware,^[50] 8-bit shading (256 shades) in newer PlayStation hardware]
↑ [164,576 Gouraud-shaded 10×10 polygons/sec: 57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 248 cycles overhead per polygon (16 cycles command table fetch,^[48] 232 cycles Gouraud shading),^[51] 348 cycles per polygon (100 cycles drawing per 100-pixel polygon)^[10] 164,576 Gouraud-shaded 10×10 polygons/sec: 57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 248 cycles overhead per polygon (16 cycles command table fetch,^[48] 232 cycles Gouraud shading),^[51] 348 cycles per polygon (100 cycles drawing per 100-pixel polygon)^[10]]
↑ [TGP: 96 million cycles/sec (6x 16 MHz), 163 cycles (124 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 3 cycles/scanline per polygon, 3 cycles per pixel TGP: 96 million cycles/sec (6x 16 MHz), 163 cycles (124 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 3 cycles/scanline per polygon, 3 cycles per pixel]
↑ [57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 248 cycles overhead per polygon (16 cycles command table fetch,^[48] 232 cycles Gouraud shading),^[51] 32 cycles drawing per 32-pixel polygon^[10] 57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 248 cycles overhead per polygon (16 cycles command table fetch,^[48] 232 cycles Gouraud shading),^[51] 32 cycles drawing per 32-pixel polygon^[10]]
↑ [VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s (504×255 textures), 14 MTexels/s (10×10 textures)^[51]
VDP2: 28.63636 MTexels/s (512×256 textures)^[54] VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s (504×255 textures), 14 MTexels/s (10×10 textures)^[51]
VDP2: 28.63636 MTexels/s (512×256 textures)^[54]]
↑ [33 MTexels/s,^[55] 2 KB texture cache (up to 64×64 texels), automatic tiling^[56]^[57] 33 MTexels/s,^[55] 2 KB texture cache (up to 64×64 texels), automatic tiling^[56]^[57]]
↑ [4 KB texture cache, manual tiling^[58] 4 KB texture cache, manual tiling^[58]]
↑
[72 cycles memory access (2x access) per textured polygon,^[58] 1 cycle per texel:
- 8264 cycles per 128×64 texel polygon (7575 polygons/sec)
- 172 cycles per 10×10 texel polygon (363,953 polygons/sec)
72 cycles memory access (2x access) per textured polygon,^[58] 1 cycle per texel:
- 8264 cycles per 128×64 texel polygon (7575 polygons/sec)
- 172 cycles per 10×10 texel polygon (363,953 polygons/sec)]
↑
[72 cycles memory access (2x access) per textured polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per texel:
- 104 cycles per 32-texel polygon
- 142 cycles per 70-texel polygon
72 cycles memory access (2x access) per textured polygon,^[46] 1 cycle per texel:
- 104 cycles per 32-texel polygon
- 142 cycles per 70-texel polygon]
↑ [Gouraud shading halves fillrate^[9] Gouraud shading halves fillrate^[9]]
↑ [VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s
VDP2: 114.54544 MTexels/s VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s
VDP2: 114.54544 MTexels/s]
↑ [VDP2: 4x 1024×1024 textures, 60 FPS VDP2: 4x 1024×1024 textures, 60 FPS]
↑ [VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s
VDP2: 28.63636 MTexels/s VDP1: 19.023 MTexels/s
VDP2: 28.63636 MTexels/s]
↑ [57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 99 parallel cycles per 8×1 sprite^[51] 57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 99 parallel cycles per 8×1 sprite^[51]]
↑ [72 cycles memory access (2x access) per sprite,^[46] 1 cycle per texel: 136 cycles per 8×8 texel sprite 72 cycles memory access (2x access) per sprite,^[46] 1 cycle per texel: 136 cycles per 8×8 texel sprite]
↑ [1 VDP1 plane, 5 VDP2 planes 1 VDP1 plane, 5 VDP2 planes]
↑ [1 polygon plane, 4 tilemap planes^[65] 1 polygon plane, 4 tilemap planes^[65]]
↑ [1 VDP1 plane, 4 VDP2 planes 1 VDP1 plane, 4 VDP2 planes]
↑ [VDP1: 189,644 tiles per second (57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 302 parallel cycles per 8×8 tile)^[51]
VDP2: 3,932,160 tiles per second (4x 128×128 tiles^[59] at 60 FPS) VDP1: 189,644 tiles per second (57.27272 million parallel bus cycles/sec, 302 parallel cycles per 8×8 tile)^[51]
VDP2: 3,932,160 tiles per second (4x 128×128 tiles^[59] at 60 FPS)]
↑ [VDP1: 3160 tiles per frame (60 FPS)
VDP2: 65,536 tiles per frame (4x 128×128 tiles)^[59] VDP1: 3160 tiles per frame (60 FPS)
VDP2: 65,536 tiles per frame (4x 128×128 tiles)^[59]]
↑ [900,000 sprites/sec (15,000 sprites per frame), 983,040 background tiles/sec (4x 512×512 tilemap planes per frame)^[65] 900,000 sprites/sec (15,000 sprites per frame), 983,040 background tiles/sec (4x 512×512 tilemap planes per frame)^[65]]
↑ [1 VDP1 plane, 2 VDP2 planes 1 VDP1 plane, 2 VDP2 planes]
↑ [VDP1: 300,000 textured polygons per second
VDP2: Equivalent to 1,000,000 textured polygons per second. 4096×4096 tiled planes can be manipulated as textured polygons, with scaling, rotation, perspective transformation, curved surface, and bumps. At 500 pixels per polygon, equivalent to 33,554 textured polygons per frame, at 30 frames per second. VDP1: 300,000 textured polygons per second
VDP2: Equivalent to 1,000,000 textured polygons per second. 4096×4096 tiled planes can be manipulated as textured polygons, with scaling, rotation, perspective transformation, curved surface, and bumps. At 500 pixels per polygon, equivalent to 33,554 textured polygons per frame, at 30 frames per second.]
↑ [2 MB main RAM (1 MB SDRAM, 1 MB FPM DRAM), 1.5 MB VRAM (SDRAM), 512 KB CD-ROM buffer, 1–4 MB optional main RAM expansion (Extended RAM Cartridge) 2 MB main RAM (1 MB SDRAM, 1 MB FPM DRAM), 1.5 MB VRAM (SDRAM), 512 KB CD-ROM buffer, 1–4 MB optional main RAM expansion (Extended RAM Cartridge)]
↑ [512 KB VDP1 framebuffers, 512 KB VDP2 memory 512 KB VDP1 framebuffers, 512 KB VDP2 memory]
↑ [2 MB main RAM (EDO DRAM),^[67]^[68] 1 MB VRAM^[69] 2 MB main RAM (EDO DRAM),^[67]^[68] 1 MB VRAM^[69]]
↑ [1 MB VRAM 1 MB VRAM]
↑ [4 MB RDRAM, 4 MB optional RDRAM Expansion Pak 4 MB RDRAM, 4 MB optional RDRAM Expansion Pak]
↑ [7136 KB video RAM: 1152 KB main RAM, 5984 KB VRAM
VROM: 28.75 MB 7136 KB video RAM: 1152 KB main RAM, 5984 KB VRAM
VROM: 28.75 MB]
↑ [FPM DRAM / VRAM FPM DRAM / VRAM]
↑ DRAM^[70]
↑ [114.54544 MB/s main RAM, 286.3636 MB/s VRAM (171.81816 MB/s VDP1, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2), 40 MB/s CD-ROM buffer 114.54544 MB/s main RAM, 286.3636 MB/s VRAM (171.81816 MB/s VDP1, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2), 40 MB/s CD-ROM buffer]
↑ [114.54544 MB/s VDP1 framebuffers, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2 memory 114.54544 MB/s VDP1 framebuffers, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2 memory]
↑ [Main RAM: 60–132 MB/s (multiple cycles required for 32-bit memory access)^[71]^[72]
VRAM: 60 MB/s (small polygons/textures),^[72]^[73] 132 MB/s (large polygons/textures)^[62] Main RAM: 60–132 MB/s (multiple cycles required for 32-bit memory access)^[71]^[72]
VRAM: 60 MB/s (small polygons/textures),^[72]^[73] 132 MB/s (large polygons/textures)^[62]]
↑ [9-bit, 500 MHz 9-bit, 500 MHz]
↑ [32-bit,^[70] 50 MHz 32-bit,^[70] 50 MHz]
↑ [Original PlayStation hardware released during 1994–1995:
Main RAM: Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 EDO DRAM (60 ns access)^[67]^[75]
VRAM: Samsung KM4216V2566-6 VRAM (60 ns access)^[76]^[77] Original PlayStation hardware released during 1994–1995:
Main RAM: Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 EDO DRAM (60 ns access)^[67]^[75]
VRAM: Samsung KM4216V2566-6 VRAM (60 ns access)^[76]^[77]]
↑ [Revised PlayStation hardware released for Japan in late 1995 and North America in late 1996:
Main RAM: Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 EDO DRAM (60 ns access)
VRAM: NEC UPD481850GF-A12-T SGRAM (30 ns access)^[67]^[78] Revised PlayStation hardware released for Japan in late 1995 and North America in late 1996:
Main RAM: Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 EDO DRAM (60 ns access)
VRAM: NEC UPD481850GF-A12-T SGRAM (30 ns access)^[67]^[78]]
↑ [60 ns RDRAM access^[79]^[80]^[81] 60 ns RDRAM access^[79]^[80]^[81]]
↑ [12.5 MHz, 80 ns cycles 12.5 MHz, 80 ns cycles]
↑ [SDRAM: 512 KB VDP1 texture memory, 512 KB VDP2 memory SDRAM: 512 KB VDP1 texture memory, 512 KB VDP2 memory]
↑ ^86.0 ^86.1 [17 MB textures (4096×4096 and 1024×1024 texels, 8-bit palettes) compressed in 512 KB VDP2 memory 17 MB textures (4096×4096 and 1024×1024 texels, 8-bit palettes) compressed in 512 KB VDP2 memory]
↑ [4 MB texture cache, 576 KB tile cache 4 MB texture cache, 576 KB tile cache]
↑ [57.27272 MB/s VDP1 texture bandwidth, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2 bandwidth 57.27272 MB/s VDP1 texture bandwidth, 114.54544 MB/s VDP2 bandwidth]
↑ [57.27272 MB/s VDP1 texture bandwidth, 534.77376 MB/s compressed VDP2 texture bandwidth 57.27272 MB/s VDP1 texture bandwidth, 534.77376 MB/s compressed VDP2 texture bandwidth]
↑ [64-bit, 62.6 MHz 64-bit, 62.6 MHz]
↑ [33.8688 MHz, 30 ns cycles 33.8688 MHz, 30 ns cycles]
↑ [62.6 MHz, 16 ns cycles 62.6 MHz, 16 ns cycles]
↑ [Compressed JPEG textures need to be decompressed before being sent to texture cache^[82] Compressed JPEG textures need to be decompressed before being sent to texture cache^[82]]
↑ [57.27272 MB/s VDP1, 57.27272 MB/s VDP2 57.27272 MB/s VDP1, 57.27272 MB/s VDP2]
↑ [LoadImage,^[73] 60 MB/s^[72] LoadImage,^[73] 60 MB/s^[72]]

References

↑ File:Edge UK 030.pdf, page 99
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 File:SSM UK 24.pdf, page 25
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Pure Entertainment Interview
↑ Jason Gosling (Core Design) Interview (Edge)
↑ Shiny Entertainment Interview (Edge)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Jason Gosling (Core Design) Interview (Edge)
↑ Scavenger Interview (Edge)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Sega Saturn 3D Capabilities
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 File:SCEA BBS.pdf, page 672
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Saturn VDP1 hardware notes (2003-05-17)
↑ Core Design Interview (Edge)
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Playstation Specifications (GTE Coordinate Calculation Commands)
↑ File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 142
↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 49
↑ File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 6
↑ File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 24
↑ File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 3
↑ File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 22
↑ File:PlayStation Hardware.pdf, page 17
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 File:Nintendo Ultra64 Programming Manual and Addendums.pdf, page 50
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 51
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 308
↑ File:NextGeneration US 12.pdf, page 42
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 File:SCEA BBS.pdf, page 639
↑ File:Instruction Tables.pdf, page 99
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 File:Instruction Tables.pdf, page 101
↑ File:SH7604 Hardware Manual.pdf, page 36
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 File:Instruction Tables.pdf, page 100
↑ File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 155
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Everything You Have Always Wanted to Know about the Playstation (pages 60-61)
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 Team PSX (page 17)
↑ MSP Simulation Layer for Vector Unit Computational Divides (RSP)
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 File:ST-240-A-SP1-052295.pdf, page 8
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (page 97)
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 3D Polygon Rendering Pipeline (page 50)
↑ File:ST-237-R1-051795.pdf, page 51
↑ Everything You Have Always Wanted to Know about the Playstation (pages 59-60)
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 ^38.3 ^38.4 ^38.5 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (pages 95-97)
↑ gSPVertex (N64 SDK)
↑ File:MMX Technology Architecture Overview.pdf, page 10
↑ Design of Digital Systems and Devices (page 95)
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 [Sega DTS, March 1996, DSP Demo Sega DTS, March 1996, DSP Demo]
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 Everything You Have Always Wanted to Know about the Playstation (pages 49-51, 59-67)
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 ^44.2 File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 28
↑ ^45.0 ^45.1 Tasmania 3D
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 ^46.2 ^46.3 ^46.4 File:Nintendo Ultra64 Programming Manual and Addendums.pdf, page 177
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 ^47.2 File:SCEA BBS.pdf, page 1041
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 15
↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 41
↑ File:ADV_GPU.pdf, page 23
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 ^51.3 ^51.4 File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 8
↑ ^52.0 ^52.1 ^52.2 ^52.3 ^52.4 ^52.5 ^52.6 ^52.7 ^52.8 ^52.9 Sony PlayStation (SONY PS) FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
↑ Past Microcode, Nintendo 64 Programming Manual, Nintendo
↑ File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 41
↑ ^55.0 ^55.1 File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 29
↑ File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 5
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 PlayStation GPU documentation
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 File:Nintendo Ultra64 Programming Manual and Addendums.pdf, page 216
↑ ^59.0 ^59.1 ^59.2 File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 132
↑ File:Net Yaroze Official Startup Guide.pdf, page 18
↑ File:Nintendo Ultra64 Programming Manual and Addendums.pdf, page 262
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 ^62.2 File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 30
↑ File:NextGeneration US 01.pdf, page 48
↑ PlayStation documentation (pages 28-29)
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 Sega System 24
↑ File:Net Yaroze Official Startup Guide.pdf, page 17
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 ^67.2 PU-18 (PSX Dev)
↑ Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 datasheet
↑ File:NextGeneration US 06.pdf, page 53
↑ ^70.0 ^70.1 PARADISE TASMANIA 3D
↑ File:SCEA BBS.pdf, page 563
↑ ^72.0 ^72.1 ^72.2 File:SCEA BBS.pdf, page 630
↑ ^73.0 ^73.1 File:ADV GPU.pdf, page 7
↑ Nvidia NV1
↑ File:KM48 datasheet.pdf
↑ PU-7 (PSX Dev)
↑ File:KM4216 datasheet.pdf
↑ File:UPD481850 datasheet.pdf
↑ Map (N64dev)
↑ File:Direct RDRAM datasheet.pdf
↑ File:Oki Concurrent RDRAM datasheet.pdf
↑ JPEG Microcode, Nintendo 64 Programming Manual, Nintendo

@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 ! 8-bit color/pixel
 | 150 MPixels/s{{ref|VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s <br> VDP2: 114.54544 MPixels/s|group=n}}
-| 67 MPixels/s{{fileref|ADV GPU.pdf|page=28}}
+| 67 MPixels/s{{ref|67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading){{fileref|ADV GPU.pdf|page=28}}|group=n}}
-| 120 MPixels/s
+| 120 MPixels/s{{ref|120 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)|group=n}}
 | 230 MPixels/s
 |-
 ! 4-bit color/pixel
 | 260 MPixels/s{{ref|VDP1: 35.6465 MPixels/s <br> VDP2: 229.09088 MPixels/s|group=n}}
-| 67 MPixels/s
+| 67 MPixels/s{{ref|67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading)|group=n}}
-| 250 MPixels/s
+| 250 MPixels/s{{ref|250 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)|group=n}}
 | 260 MPixels/s
 |-
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 | 560 MPixels/s{{ref|VDP1: 28.63636 MPixels/s <br> VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s|group=n}}
 | 33 MPixels/s
-| 62 MPixels/s
+| 120 MPixels/s{{ref|120 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)|group=n}}
 | 110 MPixels/s
 |-
 ! 8-bit color/tile
 | 570 MPixels/s{{ref|VDP1: 35.646464 MPixels/s <br> VDP2: 534.77376 MPixels/s|group=n}}
-| 67 MPixels/s
+| 67 MPixels/s{{ref|67 MPixels/s (2D sprites and 3D flat shading), 33 MPixels/s (3D texture mapping and Gouraud shading)|group=n}}
-| 120 MPixels/s
+| 250 MPixels/s{{ref|250 MPixels/s (2D), 62 MPixels/s (3D)|group=n}}
 | 230 MPixels/s
 |-
@@ Line 356: / Line 356: @@
 | 3 MB{{ref|2 MB main RAM ([[wikipedia:EDO DRAM|EDO DRAM]]),{{ref|[http://wiki.psxdev.ru/index.php/PU-18 PU-18 (PSX Dev)]}}{{ref|[http://wiki.psxdev.ru/images/8/82/KM48V514DJ-6.pdf Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 datasheet]}} 1 MB [[VRAM]]{{fileref|NextGeneration US 06.pdf|page=53}}|group=n}} <br> (1 MB framebuffer){{ref|1 MB VRAM|group=n}}
 | 4–8 MB{{ref|4 MB [[wikipedia:RDRAM|RDRAM]], 4 MB optional RDRAM [[wikipedia:Expansion Pak|Expansion Pak]]|group=n}}
-| 7 MB{{ref|7136 KB: 1152 KB main RAM, 5984 KB VRAM|group=n}}
+| 7–35 MB{{ref|7136 KB video RAM: 1152 KB main RAM, 5984 KB VRAM <br> VROM: 28.75 MB|group=n}}
 | 2–4 MB{{ref|FPM DRAM / VRAM|group=n}}
 | 2–4 MB{{ref|[[wikipedia:DRAM|DRAM]]{{ref|[http://th99.classic-computing.de/src/v/U-Z/51686.htm PARADISE TASMANIA 3D]}}|group=n}}
@@ Line 372: / Line 372: @@
 | 60 ns{{ref|Original PlayStation hardware released during 1994–1995: <br> Main RAM: [[Samsung]] KM48V514DJ-6 [[wikipedia:EDO DRAM|EDO DRAM]] (60 ns access){{ref|[http://wiki.psxdev.ru/index.php/PU-18 PU-18 (PSX Dev)]}}{{fileref|KM48 datasheet.pdf}} <br> VRAM: Samsung KM4216V2566-6 [[VRAM]] (60 ns access){{ref|[http://wiki.psxdev.ru/index.php/PU-7 PU-7 (PSX Dev)]}}{{fileref|KM4216 datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}{{ref|Revised PlayStation hardware released for Japan in late 1995 and North America in late 1996: <br> Main RAM: Samsung KM48V514DJ-6 EDO DRAM (60 ns access) <br> VRAM: [[NEC]] UPD481850GF-A12-T [[wikipedia:SGRAM|SGRAM]] (30 ns access){{ref|[http://wiki.psxdev.ru/index.php/PU-18 PU-18 (PSX Dev)]}}{{fileref|UPD481850 datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
 | 60 ns{{ref|60 ns RDRAM access{{ref|[https://github.com/mikeryan/n64dev/blob/master/map.txt Map (N64dev)]}}{{fileref|Direct RDRAM datasheet.pdf}}{{fileref|Oki Concurrent RDRAM datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
-|
+| 20 ns
 | 80 ns{{ref|12.5 MHz, 80 ns cycles|group=n}}
 | 60 ns{{ref|[http://www.vogonswiki.com/index.php/Paradise_Tasmania_3D Tasmania 3D]}}
@@ Line 381: / Line 381: @@
 | 2 KB
 | 4 KB
-|
+| 4.5 MB{{ref|4 MB texture cache, 576 KB tile cache|group=n}}
 | colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | N/A
 |-
@@ Line 388: / Line 388: @@
 | 130 MB/s{{fileref|ADV GPU.pdf|page=30}}
 | 500 MB/s{{ref|64-bit, 62.6 MHz|group=n}}
-|
+| 400 MB/s
 |-
 ! Latency
@@ Line 394: / Line 394: @@
 | 30 ns{{ref|33.8688 MHz, 30 ns cycles|group=n}}
 | 16 ns{{ref|62.6 MHz, 16 ns cycles|group=n}}
-|
+| 20 ns
 |-
 ! [[wikipedia:Texture compression|Compression]]
@@ Line 400: / Line 400: @@
 | 1:1 (N/A)
 | 20:1 ([[wikipedia:JPEG|JPEG]]){{ref|Compressed JPEG textures need to be decompressed before being sent to texture cache{{ref|1=[https://level42.ca/projects/ultra64/Documentation/man/pro-man/pro25/index25.7.html JPEG Microcode], ''Nintendo 64 Programming Manual'', [[Nintendo]]}}|group=n}}
-|
+| 1:1 (N/A)
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | CPU–GPU transmission bus
@@ Line 406: / Line 406: @@
 | 60 MB/s{{ref|LoadImage,{{fileref|ADV GPU.pdf|page=7}} 60 MB/s{{fileref|SCEA BBS.pdf|page=630}}|group=n}}
 | 500 MB/s
-|
+| 80 MB/s
 | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 60 MB/s
 |-

Sega Saturn
Topics	Technical Specifications (Hardware Comparison) \| History (Development \| Release \| Decline and legacy) \| List of games (A-M) \| List of games (N-Z) \| Magazine articles \| Promotional material \| Merchandise
Hardware	Japan \| North America \| Western Europe \| Eastern Europe \| South America \| Asia \| South Korea \| Australasia \| Africa HiSaturn Navi \| SunSeibu SGX \| Sega Titan Video
Add-ons	Backup Memory (third-party) \| Sega PriFun \| Video CD Card (third-party) \| Extended RAM Cartridge (third-party) \| Twin Advanced ROM System
Controllers	Control Pad \| Control Pad (Australia) \| 3D Control Pad \| Arcade Racer \| Infrared Control Pad \| Mission Stick \| Shuttle Mouse \| Twin Stick \| Virtua Gun \| Virtua Stick \| Virtua Stick Pro
Online Services/Add-ons	NetLink Internet Modem (NetLink Keyboard \| NetLink Keyboard Adapter \| NetLink Mouse) \| Saturn Modem (Floppy Drive \| Keyboard)
Connector Cables	21 Pin RGB Cable \| Monaural AV Cable \| RF Unit \| Stereo AV Cable \| S-Video Cable \| Taisen Cable
Development Hardware	Programming Box \| Sound Box \| E7000 \| CartDev \| SNASM2 \| Address Checker \| PSY-Q Development System \| MIRAGE Universal CD Emulator
Misc. Hardware	6Player \| SBom Multitap‎ \| Saturn region converter cartridges \| Action Replay \| Pro Action Replay \| Action Replay Plus \| X-Terminator (Version 3) \| S-S Promoter \| Other cartridges