Sega Master System/Technical specifications

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Technical specifications for the Sega Master System.

  • System master clock rate: 53.693175 MHz (NTSC), 53.203424 MHz (PAL)[1][2]
  • Master clock cycles per frame: 896,040 (NTSC), 1,070,460 (PAL)[2]
  • Master clock cycles per scanline: 3420[2]

CPU

  • Clock rate: 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 3.54689493 MHz (PAL/SECAM)[n 1]
  • The Z80 directly addresses program RAM and ROM, but only addresses VRAM through VDP hardware ports.[1] It can access VRAM by commanding/programming VDP.[4]
  • Instruction set: 8‑bit and 16‑bit instructions, 6–18 registers[5]
  • Bus width: 8‑bit

Graphics

  • Revisions: Sega 315‑5124 / Yamaha YM2602 (Mark III, Master System), Sega 315‑5246 / NEC UPD9004G (Master System II)
  • Note: An evolution of the TMS9918
  • Clock rate: 10.738635 MHz (NTSC),[7] 10.640685 MHz (PAL)[8]
  • Pixel clock rate: 5.3693175 MHz (NTSC), 5.3203424 MHz (PAL)[9]
  • Bus width: 16‑bit[n 2]
  • Memory bus clock rate: 5.3693175 MHz (NTSC), 5.3203424 MHz (PAL)
  • Registers: 8‑bit and 16‑bit[10][4]
  • Memory access: VDP directly addresses VRAM, has its own internal CRAM and sprite line buffer, and has access to cartridge ROM. It can be commanded and programmed by Z80.
  • Color burst clock input: 3.579545 MHz (NTSC),[3] 3.546895 MHz (PAL)
  • Screen resolutions: 256x192 and 256x224. PAL/SECAM also supports 256x240.
  • Overscan resolution: 342x262 (NTSC), 342x313 (PAL)[4]
  • Scanlines: 262 (NTSC), 313 (PAL)
  • Refresh rate: 59.922743 Hz (NTSC), 49.701459 Hz (PAL)[15]
  • Maximum frame rate: 59.922743 frames/sec (NTSC), 49.701459 frames/sec (PAL)
  • Colors: Up to 32 simultaneous colors (16 for sprites, 16 for background) available from a palette of 64 colors (6‑bit RGB), 16 colors (4‑bit) per pixel/tile/sprite
  • Programmable capabilities: Mid‑frame palette swap allows up to 64 simultaneous colors, 105 color palette (all on screen) possible with static image,[16] integer sprite zooming[17] (up to 32×32 pixels)[18]
  • VDP display modes:[4]
  • Modes 1–2: 256x192 resolution, tilemap, 2 colors per tile, SG-1000 backwards compatibility
  • Mode 3: 64×48 resolution, bitmap, 16 colors per pixel, SG-1000 backwards compatibility
  • Mode 4: 256x192, 256x224 and 256x240 resolutions, tilemap, 16 colors per tile, used by most Master System games
  • VRAM bandwidth:
  • VDP read bandwidth: 7.692306 MB/s
  • Z80 write bandwidth: 298.295 KB/s (NTSC), 295.574 KB/s (PAL)[n 3]
  • Z80 write during active display: 174.794 KB/s (NTSC), 181.112 KB/s (PAL)[20]
  • Read fillrate: 5.369317 MPixels/s (NTSC), 5.320342 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 3-4 write fillrate: 4-bit per pixel, 596,590 pixels/s (NTSC), 591,148 pixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 3-4 write during active display: 349,588 pixels/s (NTSC), 362,224 pixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 1-2 write fillrate: 1-bit per pixel, 2.386363 MPixels/s (NTSC), 2.364595 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 1-2 write during active display: 1.398352 MPixels/s (NTSC), 1.448896 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Tile read fillrate: 83,895 tiles/sec (NTSC), 83,130 tiles/sec (PAL)

Mode 4

  • Characters/Tiles: 8x8 pixel characters/tiles, 16 colors per tile, maximum 488 unique characters/tiles on screen (due to VRAM space limitation), horizontal & vertical background tile flipping (up to 1792 flipped tiles in VRAM)
  • Background: Tilemap playfield, 8x8 tiles, horizontal & vertical tile flipping, up to 448 tiles/patterns in VRAM used by background,[21] up to 1792 flipped tiles in VRAM used by background, definable priorities for individual background tiles[4]
  • Sprites: 16 colors (15 opaque, 1 transparent) per sprite, up to 256 tiles/patterns in VRAM used by sprites,[4] collision detection[22]
  • Sprite pixel sizes: 8x8, 8x16
  • Sprite zoom pixel sizes: 16x16, 16x32
  • Sprite line buffer: VDP contains internal sprite line buffer for 8 sprites per scanline, double buffering, prevents delay while VDP reads VRAM, sprite priority determined by order of sprites in buffer[4]
  • Sprites on screen: 64 sprites on screen, more than 64 sprites with mid-screen raster effects[23]
  • Sprites per scanline: 8 sprites (non-flickering) per scanline, 9 flickering sprites per scanline[24]
  • Scrolling: Smooth hardware scrolling, horizontal & vertical scrolling, diagonal scrolling, line scrolling, partial screen scrolling[25]
  • IRQ raster interrupt capabilities:[25] Interrupt per frame, interrupt per scanline,[4] mid‑frame palette swap, transparency effect, line scrolling, partial screen scrolling
  • VRAM screen map: 2 KB to 2.25 KB[21]
  • Sprite attribute table: 256 bytes (2 Kbits), including 64 byte tile/pattern data
  • Background name table: 1.75 KB (14 Kbits) or 2 KB (16 Kbits)[4][n 4]
  • Tile write fillrate: 32 bytes per tile, 9321 tiles/sec (NTSC), 9236 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Write during active display: 5462 tiles/sec (NTSC), 5659 tiles/sec (PAL)

Modes 1-2

See SG-1000 specifications for more details
  • Tiles: 832-1024 tiles,[n 5] 2 colors per tile, 8 bytes per tile
  • Sprites: 32-64 sprites, 64-256 sprite tiles
  • Sprite pixel sizes: 8x8, 16x16
  • Sprite zoom pixel sizes: 16x16, 32x32
  • Tile write fillrate: 8 bytes per tile, 37,286 tiles/sec (NTSC), 36,946 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Write during active display: 21,849 tiles/sec (NTSC), 22,639 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Additional Master System capabilities: Raster effects, programmable full screen zooming[26]

Audio

  • 4 channel mono sound[25]
  • 3 square wave sound generator tone channels: 4–10 octaves, 16 volume levels, 1024 (10‑bit) frequencies, 122 Hz to 125 kHz frequency range
  • 1 noise generator channel: White noise, periodic noise, 16‑bit LSFR, 16‑bit ring buffer, 3 preset frequencies (7.8 to 19.5 kHz), can match frequency of 3rd tone channel
  • PCM/PWM sampling: Uses 1-3 tone channels to produce a single PCM channel, 1‑bit to 12‑bit audio depth, 4 kHz to 44.1 kHz sampling rate,[27][28] up to 176.4 kbps (22.05 KB/s) bitrate[29][30]
  • Clone of the SN76489 with different noise LFSR and frequency counter implementations
  • 9 mono FM synthesis channels
  • 2‑operator FM synthesis sound
  • Instruments: 15 pre‑defined instruments and user‑defined sound
  • Rhythm mode: 3 channels can be used for percussion sounds
  • Built into Japanese Master System
  • Available as plug‑in module for Mark III
  • Supported by certain games only

Memory

  • System RAM: 24 KB (most models) or 40 KB (some models)[31][3]
  • Main/Program RAM: 8 KB (64 Kbits)
  • Note: Since Z80 reads program code directly from ROM, program RAM is primarily used for general program data (such as state information).[32]
  • VRAM: 16 KB (128 Kbits, most models) or 32 KB (256 Kbits, some models)[14]
  • Color RAM (CRAM): 32 bytes (256 bits, 32x 8-bit entries)
  • Sprite line buffer: 32 bytes (256 bits, 8x 32-bit entries)
  • Note: Z80 can read program code directly from ROM, allowing program RAM to be used for general program data (such as state information).
  • Cartridge battery backup SRAM: 8 KB (64 Kbits) to 32 KB (256 Kbits)[33]

Configuration

  • Z80, VDP <‑> Main RAM, System ROM, Cartridge ROM (8‑bit)
  • VDP <‑> VRAM (16‑bit)
  • Main RAM: 8‑bit, XRAM/SRAM, 3.579545 MHz (NTSC) or 3.546894 MHz (PAL)[n 6]
  • VRAM: 16‑bit (2x 8‑bit), XRAM/PSRAM, 3.846153 MHz[n 7]
  • ROM chips: 8‑bit, 3.579545 MHz (NTSC) or 3.546894 MHz (PAL)[n 8]

Bandwidth

  • System RAM bandwidth: 11 MB/s[n 9]
  • Main RAM: 3.579545 MB/s (NTSC), 3.546894 MB/s (PAL)[n 10]
  • VRAM: 7.692306 MB/s[n 11]
  • ROM bandwidth: 3.5 MB/s[n 10]
  • Internal processor bandwidth:
  • Z80: 3.579545 MB/s (NTSC), 3.546894 MB/s (PAL)[n 12]
  • VDP: 10 MB/s[n 13]
  • CRAM: 5.3693175 MB/s (NTSC), 5.3203424 MB/s (PAL)[n 12]
  • Sprite line buffer: 5.3693175 MB/s (NTSC), 5.3203424 MB/s (PAL)[n 12]

Notes

  1. ↑ [CPU clock cycles per frame: 59,736 (NTSC), 71,364 (PAL)
    CPU clock cycles per scanline: 228 CPU clock cycles per frame: 59,736 (NTSC), 71,364 (PAL)
    CPU clock cycles per scanline: 228]
  2. ↑ [16‑bit VRAM bus, 8‑bit Z80/ROM bus 16‑bit VRAM bus, 8‑bit Z80/ROM bus]
  3. ↑ [Byte per 12 cycles[19] Byte per 12 cycles[19]]
  4. ↑ [16‑bit per tile[25]
    • 256x192 resolution: 1.75 KB, 32x28 table (256x224 pixels), 896 tiles (768 visible)
    • 256x224 resolution: 2 KB, 32x32 table (256x256 pixels), 1024 tiles (896 visible)
    • 256x240 resolution: 2 KB, 32x32 table (256x256 pixels), 1024 tiles (960 visible)
    16‑bit per tile[25]
    • 256x192 resolution: 1.75 KB, 32x28 table (256x224 pixels), 896 tiles (768 visible)
    • 256x224 resolution: 2 KB, 32x32 table (256x256 pixels), 1024 tiles (896 visible)
    • 256x240 resolution: 2 KB, 32x32 table (256x256 pixels), 1024 tiles (960 visible)]
  5. ↑ [768 background tiles, 64-256 sprite tiles 768 background tiles, 64-256 sprite tiles]
  6. ↑ [279/281 ns[34][35] 279/281 ns[34][35]]
  7. ↑ [260 ns[34][36] 260 ns[34][36]]
  8. ↑ [279/281 ns 279/281 ns]
  9. ↑ [2 buses (24-bit bus width) 2 buses (24-bit bus width)]
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 [8-bit bus 8-bit bus]
  11. ↑ [16-bit bus 16-bit bus]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 [8-bit 8-bit]
  13. ↑ [16-bit 16-bit]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 File:SMSServiceManualEU.pdf
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 https://github.com/ekeeke/Genesis-Plus-GX/blob/master/core/system.h
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Sega Mark-III Hardware Notes (2008-11-14)
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Sega Master System VDP documentation (2002-11-12)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Obsolete Microprocessors
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 File:SMS2ServiceManualEU.pdf
  7. ↑ File:SMSServiceManualEU.pdf, page 4
  8. ↑ File:SMSServiceManualEU.pdf, page 14
  9. ↑ https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/sms.cpp
  10. ↑ File:SoftwareReferenceManualForSegaMarkIIIEU.pdf
  11. ↑ File:CXA1145P datasheet.pdf
  12. ↑ File:MB3514 datasheet.pdf
  13. ↑ Sega Master System Video Output
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Sega Master System Documents
  15. ↑ Genesis Plus
  16. ↑ TMS9918 test (AtariAge)
  17. ↑ Sega Master System VDP Documentation
  18. ↑ New sprite record (MSX Research Center)
  19. ↑ File:SC-3000ServiceManual.pdf, page 12
  20. ↑ Bytes written to VRAM per frame
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 File:SoftwareReferenceManualForSegaMarkIIIEU.pdf, page 8
  22. ↑ File:SoftwareReferenceManualForSegaMarkIIIEU.pdf, page 6
  23. ↑ Displaying more than 32 colours - raster effect (SMS Power)
  24. ↑ Coleco graphics capacity (AtariAge)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Sega Master System Technical Documentation (1998-06-10)
  26. ↑ Fun with zooming (SMS Power)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Sega SN76489
  28. ↑ pcmenc: Advanced PCM encoder for 8-bit sound chips
  29. ↑ High-quality PCM with pcmenc
  30. ↑ Sega Master System high-fidelity audio
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Sega Master System RAM
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 SMSARCH: A Sega Master System Cartridge Archiver
  33. ↑ Sega Mappers
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 File:UPD4168 datasheet.pdf
  35. ↑ File:KM6264B datasheet.pdf
  36. ↑ File:HM65256B datasheet.pdf
  37. ↑ File:CXK3864 datasheet.pdf
  38. ↑ ROM Part Numbers
  39. ↑ File:MB831000 datasheet.pdf
  40. ↑ Memory Mapper Hardware Notes
  41. ↑ SMS PINOUTs
  42. ↑ File:TMS27C512 datasheet.pdf
  43. ↑ File:AM29F040 datasheet.pdf


Sega Master System
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