Difference between revisions of "Sega Model 2"

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| maker=[[Sega]]
 
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| variants=
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| variants=[[#Model 2A-CRX|Model 2A-CRX]], [[#Model 2B-CRX|Model 2B-CRX]], [[#Model 2C-CRX|Model 2C-CRX]]
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| add-ons=DSB1/DSB2 (Model 2C-CRX)
 
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| releases={{releasesArcade
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| arcade_date_jp=1993
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| system_date_jp=[[Amusement Machine Show 1993|1993-08]]
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| arcade_date_world=1994 }}
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| system_rrp_jp=2,200,000{{magref|mms|22|93}}
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| system_date_us=1994-03
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| system_rrp_us=15,000{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}}
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| system_date_uk=1994-03
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| system_rrp_uk=16,000{{magref|mms|22|93}}
 
}}
 
}}
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The '''Sega Model 2''' is an arcade system board originally debuted by Sega in 1993 as a successor to the [[Sega Model 1]] board. It is an extension of the Model 1 hardware, most notably introducing the concept of texture-mapped polygons, allowing for more realistic 3D graphics (for its time). The Model 2 board was an important milestone for the arcade industry, and helped launch several key arcade franchises of the 90s, including ''[[Daytona USA]]'', ''[[Virtua Cop]]'', ''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'', ''[[Dead or Alive]]'', ''[[Virtua Striker]]'', ''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'' and ''[[The House of the Dead]]''.
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The '''Sega Model 2''' (モデル2) is an [[arcade]] system board originally debuted by [[Sega]] in 1993 as a successor to the [[Sega Model 1]] board. It is an extension of the Model 1 hardware, most notably introducing the concept of texture-mapped polygons, allowing for more realistic 3D graphics for its time.
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The Model 2 board was an important milestone for the arcade industry, and helped launch several key arcade franchises of the 1990s, including ''[[Daytona USA]]'', ''[[Virtua Cop]]'', ''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'', ''[[Dead or Alive]]'', ''[[Virtua Striker]]'', ''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'' and ''[[The House of the Dead]]''.
  
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The Model 2 was engineered with help from GE Aerospace (acquired by Martin Marietta in 1993, now part of [[Lockheed Martin]]), who designed the texture-mapping technology incorporated by the Model 2. The Model 2's development was led by famed game designer [[Yu Suzuki]]. The Model 2 arcade board debuted along with ''[[Daytona USA]]'', a game which was finished, copyrighted and debuted at the JAMMA arcade show in 1993.{{ref|http://static.giantbomb.com/uploads/original/13/139866/2721164-electronic_gaming_monthly_051_-_1993_oct_222.jpg}}
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==Hardware==
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The Model 2 was designed as the direct successor to the Model 1, and like its predecessor was released as a set of printed circuit boards to arcade operators, or packaged in bespoke cabinets created by Sega. It came into existence when General Electric approached Sega with some real-time texture mapping ASICs, which led to a commercial partnership in August 1992{{magref|edge|9|49}}. The board took about a year to produce{{magref|edge|9|49}}.
  
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There four versions of the system: the original Model 2 and the Model 2A-CRX, Model 2B-CRX and Model 2C-CRX variants. Model 2 and 2A-CRX used a custom DSP with internal code for the geometrizer while 2B-CRX and 2C-CRX used well documented DSPs and uploaded the geometrizer code at startup to the DSP.  The Model 2 was succeeded by the [[Sega Model 3]] in 1996.
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The most noticeable improvement of the Model 2 over the Model 1 is [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]], which enables polygons to be painted with bitmap images, as opposed to the limited monotone flat shading that the previous board supported. The Model 2 also introduced the use of [[wikipedia:Texture filtering|texture filtering]] and [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|texture anti-aliasing]],{{ref|1=[http://ign.com/articles/2009/04/21/ign-presents-the-history-of-sega?page=8 IGN PRESENTS THE HISTORY OF SEGA (page 8)]}} as well as [[wikipedia:Trilinear filtering|trilinear filtering]].{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}} It was the most powerful game system in its time, equivalent to the power of a [[wikipedia:PC|PC]] [[wikipedia:Graphics card|graphics card]] in 1998, five years after the Model 2's release.{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}} It can handle 300,000 polygons per second{{magref|edge|9|49}}.
  
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==Hardware==
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There are in fact four versions of the system: the original Model 2, and the Model 2A-CRX, Model 2B-CRX and Model 2C-CRX variants. The Model 2 and 2A-CRX use a custom DSP with internal code for the geometrizer, while 2B-CRX and 2C-CRX use well documented DSPs and upload the geometrizer code at startup to the DSP.
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It was a further advancement of the earlier Model 1 system. The most noticeable improvement was [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]], which enabled [http://www.giantbomb.com/polygonal-3d/3015-1430/ polygons] to be painted with bitmap images, as opposed to the limited monotone [http://www.giantbomb.com/flat-shading/3015-2277/ flat shading] that Model 1 supported. The Model 2 also introduced the use of [[wikipedia:Texture filtering|texture filtering]] and [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|texture anti-aliasing]], [http://ign.com/articles/2009/04/21/ign-presents-the-history-of-sega?page=8] as well as [[wikipedia:Trilinear filtering|trilinear filtering]].{{ref|http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html}} It was the most powerful game system in its time, equivalent to the power of a [[wikipedia:PC|PC]] [[wikipedia:Graphics card|graphics card]] in 1998, five years after the Model 2's release.{{ref|http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html}}
 
  
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Designed by [[Sega AM2]]'s [[Yu Suzuki]], he stated that the Model 2's texture mapping chip originated "from military equipment from [[Lockheed Martin]], which was formerly General Electric Aerial & Space's textural mapping technology. It cost [[wikipedia:United States dollar|$]]2 million dollars to use the chip. It was part of flight-simulation equipment that cost $32 million. I asked how much it would cost to buy just the chip and they came back with $2 million. And I had to take that chip and convert it for video game use, and make the technology available for the consumer at 5,000 [[wikipedia:Japanese yen|yen]] ($50)" ($84 in 2014) per machine. He said "it was tough but we were able to make it for 5,000 yen. Nobody at Sega believed me when I said I wanted to purchase this technology for our games."{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/20131113174154/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}} Suzuki stated that, in "the end," it "was a hit and the industry gained mass-produced texture-mapping as a result." For ''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'', he also utilized [http://www.giantbomb.com/motion-capture-animation/3015-5882/ motion capture] technology, introducing it to the game industry.{{ref|http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/228512/Yu_Suzuki_recalls_using_military_tech_to_make_Virtua_Fighter_2.php}}
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According to [[Yu Suzuki]], the Sega Model 2B-CRX arcade system board developed for ''[[Fighting Vipers]]'' "has a slightly faster processing speed" and "a higher response to displaying more polygons".{{fileref|SSM_UK_02.pdf|page=21}}
  
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There were also issues working on the new CPU,{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/20131113174154/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}} the [[wikipedia:Intel i960|Intel i960-KB]], which had just released in 1993.{{ref|http://pdf.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheet/Intel/mXqwttu.pdf}} Suzuki stated that when working "on a brand new CPU, the debugger doesn't exist yet. The latest hardware doesn't work because it's full of bugs. And even if a debugger exists, the debugger itself is full of bugs. So, I had to debug the debugger. And of course with new hardware there's no library or system, so I had to create all of that, as well. It was a brutal cycle."{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/20131113174154/http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}}
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==Technical specifications==
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===Model 2===
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{{multicol|
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*Board composition: CPU Board, Video Board, Communication Board, ROM Board, Sound Board, Feedback Driver Board{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 (MAME)]}}
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:* Revisions: CPU Board 837-10071 (50 MHz), Video Board 837-10072 (50 MHz), Communication Board 837-10537, ROM Board 834-10798, Sound Board 837-8679 (20 MHz), Drive Board 838-10646{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}
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*Main [[wikipedia:Central processing unit|CPU]]: [[Intel]] [[i960-KB]] @ 25 MHz{{fileref|I960 datasheet.pdf}}{{fileref|80960KB datasheet.pdf}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point arithmetic]]: 32‑bit [[wikipedia:Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] [[wikipedia:Instruction set|instructions]] @ 25 [[wikipedia:Instructions per second|MIPS]]{{fileref|I960 datasheet.pdf|page=2}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Floating-point unit|Floating-point unit]]: [[wikipedia:Single-precision floating-point format|32]]/[[wikipedia:Double-precision floating-point format|64]]/[[wikipedia:Extended precision|80‑bit]] operations @ 13.6 MFLOPS{{fileref|80960KB datasheet.pdf}}
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:* Bus width: [[wikipedia:32-bit|32‑bit]]
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*Additional CPU: 2x [[Zilog]] [[Z80]] (8/16‑bit instructions @ 1.74 MIPS)
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:*Communication Board: 8 MHz{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}{{ref|http://pdf.datasheetarchive.com/indexerfiles/Scans-068/DSA2IH00225160.pdf}} (1.16 MIPS)
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:*Feedback Driver: 4 MHz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 (MAME)]}} (0.58 MIPS)
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}}
  
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Despite its high price tag of around $15,000{{ref|http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html}} (equivalent to $24489 in 2014), the Model 2 platform was very successful. It featured some of the highest grossing arcade games of all time: ''[[Daytona USA]]'', [http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=713] ''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'', ''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'', ''[[The House of the Dead]]'', and ''[[Dead or Alive]]'', to name a few. Sega sold 65,000 units of the Model 2 annually,{{ref|http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html}} and eventually sold over 130,000 units by 1996, amounting to over $1.95 billion revenue from hardware cabinet sales (130,000 units{{ref|http://archive.today/XN3rz}}{{ref|http://tinyurl.com/nyb7y3s}} at $15,000 each{{ref|http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html}}{{ref|http://www.assemblergames.com/forums/showthread.php?47028-Early-concept-of-Daytona-USA-at-Summer-CES-1993-Not-on-Model-2-but-Compu-Scene}}), equivalent to over $3.18 billion in 2014, making it one of the [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Arcade_game#Best-selling_arcade_video_game_franchises best-selling arcade systems] of all time.
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====Sound====
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{{multicol|
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* Sound CPU: [[Motorola 68000]] @ 10 MHz (16/32‑bit instructions @ 1.75 MIPS)
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* [[wikipedia:Sound chip|Sound chip]]: 2x [[Yamaha YMW258-F|Sega 315‑5560 MultiPCM]]
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:* [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] channels: 56
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:* PCM sample [[ROM]]: Up to 16 [[Byte|MB]] (8 MB per PCM chip)
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:* PCM quality: 16‑bit [[wikipedia:Audio bit depth|depth]], [[wikipedia:44,100 Hz|44.1 kHz]] [[wikipedia:Sampling rate|sampling rate]] ([[Compact disc|CD]] [[wikipedia:Sound quality|quality]]){{fileref|ST-077-R2-052594.pdf}}
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* Sound timer: [[Yamaha]] [[YM2612|YM3834]] @ 8 MHz (Model 2 only)
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}}
  
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==Technical Specifications==
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====Graphics====
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;Main [[wikipedia:Central processing unit|CPU]] (central processing unit)
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Graphical specifications of the Sega Model 2:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 (MAME)]}}{{magref|nextgeneration|11|16}}
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{{multicol|
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* GPU:
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:* 6x [[Fujitsu]] TGP [[MB86234]]
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:* [[Sega]] Video Board 837-10072
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* GPU [[wikipedia:Geometry pipelines|Geometry Engine]] [[wikipedia:Digital signal processor|DSP]] [[wikipedia:Coprocessor|coprocessors]]: 6x [[Fujitsu]] TGP [[MB86234]] @ 16 MHz{{ref|[http://members.iinet.net.au/~lantra9jp1_nbn/gurudumps/m2status/index.html Sega Model 2 ROM Dump]}}{{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf}}{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}
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:* Revisions: 315‑5673, 315‑5677, 2x 315‑5678, 2x 315‑5679 (later updated with 2x 315‑5679B in 1994)
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:* Coprocessor abilities: [[wikipedia:Decimal floating point|Floating decimal point]] operation function, axis rotation operation function, 3D [[wikipedia:Matrix (mathematics)|matrix operation]] function, [[wikipedia:Arithmetic logic unit|ALU]], [[wikipedia:Direct memory access|DMA]] controllers, [[wikia:w:c:gaming:Transform, clipping, and lighting|T&L (transform, clipping, lighting)]]{{ref|[http://wiki.mamedev.org/index.php/TGP:Index TGP (MAME)]}}
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:* Instruction set: 32‑bit instructions, 480 [[wikipedia:Million instructions per second|MIPS]] (80 MIPS each){{ref|5 instructions per cycle{{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf|page=32}}|group=n}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point arithmetic]]: 192 MIPS (32 MIPS each){{ref|[[wikipedia:Multiply–accumulate operation|MAC (multiply–accumulate) operation]] (multiply and add) per cycle{{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf|page=32}}|group=n}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Floating point unit|Floating-point units]]: 96 MFLOPS (16 MFLOPS each){{ref|1 operation per cycle (2 cycles per MAC operation){{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf|page=32}}|group=n}}
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:* Bus width: 192‑bit (32‑bit each)
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:* Notes: Located on CPU Board. DSP are modified by Sega with custom microcode for coprocessor and T&L capabilities.{{ref|[http://wiki.mamedev.org/index.php/TGP:Index TGP (MAME)]}}
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* GPU graphics card: Sega Video Board 837-10072 @ 50 MHz{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}{{ref|[http://hico-srv004.pixhotel.fr/sites/default/files/gamoovernet/20110520120039-lapin252-IMG-0112.JPG Sega Model 2 Video Board]}}
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:* Sega [[wikipedia:Z-buffering|Z-sorting]] & [[wikipedia:Clipping (computer graphics)|clipping]] chipset: 315‑5644 (32 MHz), 315‑5645 (32 MHz), 315‑5712 (40 MHz), 2x 315‑5725 (50 MHz)
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:* [[Lockheed Martin]] [[wikipedia:Rasterization|rasterization]] & [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]] processors: 315‑5646 (50 MHz), 315‑5647 (50 MHz)
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:* [[Sega System 24]] [[wikipedia:Tile engine|tilemap engine]]: 315‑5292 tilemap generator (32 MHz){{ref|[https://github.com/bji/libmame/blob/master/old/src/mame/video/segaic16.c Sega 16‑Bit Common Hardware], [[MAME]]}}{{intref|Sega System 24 Hardware Notes (2013-06-16)}}
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* Display: Up to 50-inch display{{magref|egm|59|68}}
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* Display [[resolution]]: 496×384 pixels, 24 Hz [[wikipedia:Horizontal scan rate|HSync]], [[wikipedia:Progressive scan|progressive scan]] (non-interlaced), double-buffering{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}
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:* Overscan resolution: 656×496
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:* [[Pixel]] clock rate: 19.523 MHz
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* [[wikipedia:Refresh rate|Refresh rate]]: 60 Hz, 57.52416 Hz, 30 Hz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Frame rate|Frame rate]]: 60 FPS,{{fileref|VirtuaFighter2 Model2 Flyer.pdf|page=2}} 57.52416 FPS, 30 FPS
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* [[Palette|Color depth]]: 65,536 (16bpp), 16,777,216 (24bpp),{{ref|[http://www.gamezero.com/team-0/whats_new/past/news9504.html Saturn maybe not so stellar (''Game Zero Magazine'')]}} 256 (8bpp)
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* Graphical hardware features: [[wikipedia:Flat shading|Flat shading]], [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]], [[wikipedia:Texture mapping#Perspective correctness|perspective correction]], [[wikipedia:Texture filtering|texture filtering]], [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|texture anti-aliasing]], [[wikipedia:Microtexture|microtexture]], [[wikipedia:Diffuse reflection|diffuse reflection]], [[wikipedia:Specular reflection|specular reflection]], [[wikipedia:Specular highlight|specular lighting]], [[wikipedia:Alpha blending|alpha blending]], [[wikipedia:Transparency (graphic)|transparency]], [[wikipedia:Rasterization|rasterization]], [[wikipedia:Mipmap|mipmapping]], [[wikipedia:Level of detail|LOD]],{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}} [[wikipedia:Z-buffering|Z-buffering]], [[wikipedia:Nearest-neighbor interpolation|point sampling]], [[wikipedia:Bilinear filtering|bilinear filtering]], [[wikipedia:Trilinear filtering|trilinear filtering]]{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|Texture map]] resolution: Up to 1024×2048 pixels
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:* [[wikipedia:Microtexture|Microtexture]] size: Up to 128×128 pixels
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* Arithmetic: 110 MFLOPS (floating-point), 210 MIPS (fixed-point){{ref|TGP: 96 MFLOPS, 192 MIPS{{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf}} <br> i960: 13.6 MFLOPS, 25 MIPS{{fileref|80960KB datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
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:* Additions: 61 million adds/sec (floating-point), 110 million adds/sec (fixed-point){{ref|TGP: 48 million adds/sec (floating-point), 96 million adds/sec (fixed-point){{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf|page=33}} <br> i960: 13.6 million adds/sec (floating-point), 25 million adds/sec (fixed-point)|group=n}}
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:* Multiplications: 61 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 110 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point){{ref|TGP: 48 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 96 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point){{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf|page=33}} <br> i960: 13.6 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 25 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point)|group=n}}
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:* Divisions: 30 million divides/sec{{ref|Z-sorting & clipping chipset, 32 MHz|group=n}}
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* Geometry transformations: 6 million vertices/sec,{{ref|TGP: 5,333,333 vertices/sec, 18 cycles (9 MAC operations) per vertex{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}} <br> i960: 755,555 vertices/sec, 18 floating-point operations (9 MAC operations) per vertex|group=n}} 2 million polygons/sec{{ref|3 vertices per triangle polygon|group=n}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Flat shading|Flat]] [[wikipedia:Transform and lighting|lighting]]: 1.2 million polygons/sec (floating-point),{{ref|TGP: 1,043,478 polygons/sec, 92 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}} <br> i960: 147,826 polygons/sec, 92 floating-point operations (46 MAC operations) per polygon|group=n}} 2 million polygons/sec (fixed-point){{ref|46 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}|group=n}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Specular highlight|Specular lighting]]: 900,000 polygons/sec{{ref|102 cycles (51 MAC operations) per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}|group=n}}
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:* [[wikipedia:Gouraud shading|Gouraud lighting]]: 880,000 polygons/sec (floating-point),{{ref|TGP: 774,193 polygons/sec, 124 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}} <br> i960: 109,677 polygons/sec, 124 floating-point operations (62 MAC operations) per polygon|group=n}} 1.5 million polygons/sec (fixed-point){{ref|62 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}}|group=n}}
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* Rendering [[fillrate]]: 110 [[Pixel|MPixels/s]] (16bpp), 230 MPixels/s (8bpp), 260 MPixels/s (4bpp)
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:* Polygons: 100 MPixels/s (16bpp), 200 MPixels/s (8bpp){{ref|400 MB/s polygon rendering bandwidth (2x 32‑bit, 50 MHz)|group=n}}
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:* Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp){{ref|30.769232 MB/s tilemap generator bandwidth (2x 16‑bit, 7.692308 MHz)|group=n}}
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* Polygon rendering performance: 100 MPixels/s, 900,000 vectors/sec
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* Texture mapping performance: 100 [[Texel|MTexels/s]], lighting
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:* 900,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 100-[[texel]] polygons
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:* 500,000 polygons/sec:{{ref|[http://www.gamezero.com/team-0/whats_new/past/news9504.html Saturn maybe not so stellar (''Game Zero Magazine'')]}} Specular, 200-texel polygons
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:* 300,000 polygons/sec: All hardware effects,{{fileref|DaytonaUSA Model2 Flyer.pdf|page=2}} trilinear filtering,{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}} specular, 300-texel polygons
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:* 300,000 polygons/sec: [[wikipedia:Gouraud shading|Gouraud shading]] (software), 32-texel polygons{{ref|163 cycles (124 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 175 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 271 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel)|group=n}}
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* Hardware support: Motion capture
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}}
  
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*Main CPU: [[wikipedia:Intel i960|Intel i960-KB]] @ 25&nbsp;MHz
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====Memory====
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** [[wikipedia:Fixed-point arithmetic|Fixed-point arithmetic]]: [[wikipedia:32-bit|32-bit]] [[wikipedia:Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]] [[wikipedia:Instruction set|instructions]] @ 25 [[wikipedia:Instructions per second|MIPS]] (million instructions per second)
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{{multicol|
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** [[wikipedia:Floating-point unit|Floating-point unit]]: [[wikipedia:Single-precision floating-point format|32-bit]], [[wikipedia:Double-precision floating-point format|64-bit]] and [[wikipedia:Extended precision|80-bit]] operations @ 13.6 MFLOPS ([[wikipedia:Mega-|Mega-]][http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Instructions_per_second FLOPS], or million [[wikipedia:Floating point|floating-point]] operations per second) ([[wikipedia:Whetstone (benchmark)|Whetstone]])
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* Memory: Up to 62&nbsp;[[Byte|MB]] (10,881&nbsp;KB main, 35,460&nbsp;[[Byte|KB]] video, 16,960&nbsp;KB audio, 18&nbsp;KB other)
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* System [[RAM]]: 9776&nbsp;KB (9.546875&nbsp;MB){{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}
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:* Main RAM: 1152&nbsp;KB (1.125&nbsp;MB)
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:* [[VRAM]]: 5984&nbsp;KB (1&nbsp;MB [[wikipedia:Framebuffer|framebuffer]] [[VRAM]], 64&nbsp;KB coprocessor [[wikipedia:Data buffer|buffer]] [[SRAM]]/[[wikipedia:SDRAM|SDRAM]], 4&nbsp;MB texture SRAM/SDRAM, 128&nbsp;KB [[wikipedia:Luma (video)|luma]], 32&nbsp;KB [[wikipedia:Digital geometry|geometry]], 576&nbsp;KB [[wikipedia:Tiled rendering|tiles]], 64&nbsp;KB colors)
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:* Audio RAM: 576&nbsp;KB
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:* Other RAM: 2064&nbsp;KB (16&nbsp;KB backup [[SRAM]]/[[wikipedia:Non-volatile random-access memory|NVRAM]], 2&nbsp;MB extra RAM)
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* Internal processor cache: 36.75&nbsp;KB
 +
:* CPU cache: 768&nbsp;bytes{{fileref|I960 datasheet.pdf}}
 +
:* TGP internal RAM cache: 36&nbsp;KB (6&nbsp;KB per TGP){{fileref|MB86232 datasheet.pdf}}
 +
* Game [[ROM]]: Up to 54.25&nbsp;MB
 +
:* Main ROM: [http://mamedb.blu-ferret.co.uk/game/vcop 9.5&nbsp;MB] ([[EPROM]], [[wikipedia:Mask ROM|MROM]])
 +
:* Video ROM: [http://mamedb.blu-ferret.co.uk/game/daytona 28.75&nbsp;MB] (MROM)
 +
:* Audio ROM: 16&nbsp;MB (MROM)
 +
}}
  
−
;[http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit GPU] (graphics processing unit) [[wikipedia:Video card|video]] [[wikipedia:Graphics pipeline|hardware]]
+
====Bandwidth====
 +
{{multicol|
 +
* System RAM bandwidth: 982&nbsp;[[Byte|MB/s]]
 +
:* Main RAM bandwidth: 78.7&nbsp;MB/s
 +
::* i960: 66.7&nbsp;MB/s{{fileref|80960KB datasheet.pdf|page=7}}
 +
::* Z80: 12&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|2x 8‑bit, 8/4&nbsp;MHz|group=n}}
 +
:* VRAM bandwidth: 883.34066&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}{{ref|[http://hico-srv004.pixhotel.fr/sites/default/files/gamoovernet/20110520120039-lapin252-IMG-0112.JPG Sega Model 2 Video Board]}}
 +
::* TGP: 384&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|6x 32‑bit, 16&nbsp;MHz{{fileref|TC5588P datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
 +
::* Video Board: 499.34066&nbsp;MB/s
 +
:::* 315‑5292 & 315‑5644: 30.769232&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|2x 16‑bit, 7.692308&nbsp;MHz{{fileref|TC518128CPL datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
 +
:::* 315‑5645: 28.571428&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|16‑bit, 14.285714&nbsp;MHz{{fileref|MB84256A datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
 +
:::* 315‑5646 & 315‑5647: 400&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|2x 32‑bit, 50&nbsp;MHz|group=n}}
 +
:::* 315‑5712: 40&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|8‑bit, 40&nbsp;MHz{{ref|http://pdf.datasheetarchive.com/datasheetsmain/Datasheets-39/DSA-764435.pdf}}|group=n}}
 +
:* Audio RAM bandwidth: 20&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|16‑bit, 10&nbsp;MHz|group=n}}
 +
* Internal processor cache bandwidth: 484&nbsp;MB/s
 +
:* CPU cache: 100&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|32‑bit, 25&nbsp;MHz|group=n}}
 +
:* TGP internal RAM cache: 384&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|6x 32‑bit, 16&nbsp;MHz|group=n}}
 +
* Game ROM bandwidth: 933–1000&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|5x 32‑bit|group=n}}{{ref|[http://www.tvspels-nostalgi.com/pcb_sega.htm Sega PCB]}}{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 (MAME)]}}
 +
:* EPROM: 133–200&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|32‑bit, 33–50 MHz, 20–30 [[wikipedia:Nanosecond|ns]]{{fileref|AM27C1024 datasheet.pdf}}{{fileref|MX27C1024 datasheet.pdf}}|group=n}}
 +
:* MROM: 800&nbsp;MB/s{{ref|4x 32‑bit, 50 MHz|group=n}}
 +
}}
  
−
* [[wikipedia:Geometry pipelines|Geometry Engine]] [[wikipedia:Digital signal processor|DSP]] [[wikipedia:Coprocessor|coprocessors]]: 6× [[Fujitsu]] TGP MB86234 (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 2× [[wikipedia:Analog Devices|Analog Devices]] ADSP-21062 [[wikipedia:Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer|SHARC]] (Model 2B-CRX), or 2× Fujitsu [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit TGPx4] MB86235 (Model 2C-CRX)
+
===Model 2A-CRX===
−
** Coprocessor abilities: [[wikipedia:Decimal floating point|Floating decimal point]] operation function, axis rotation operation function, [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Three-dimensional 3D computer graphics 3D] [[wikipedia:Matrix (mathematics)|matrix operation]] function
+
Model 2A-CRX, released in 1994, featured upgraded sound capabilities and increased ROM capacity:
−
** Floating-point unit:
 
−
*** Model 2/2A-CRX: 32-bit operations @ 16 MFLOPS ×6 (96 MFLOPS)
 
−
*** Model 2B/2C-CRX: 32-bit & [[wikipedia:Extended precision|40-bit]] operations @ 120 MFLOPS ×2 (240 MFLOPS)
 
−
** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit & [[wikipedia:48-bit|48-bit]] instructions @ 80 MIPS (Model 2B-CRX)
 
−
* [[wikipedia:Render output unit|Hardware Renderer]]: Sega-[[Lockheed Martin|Lockheed-Martin]] Custom [[wikipedia:Rasterization|rasterization]] & [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]] hardware (Model 2), or 2× Fujitsu MB86271 AGP (Model 2C-CRX)
 
−
** Fixed-point arithmetic: 32-bit & [[wikipedia:64-bit computing|64-bit]] instructions @ 240 MIPS (Model 2C-CRX)
 
−
* [[wikipedia:Z-buffering|Z-Sort]] & [[wikipedia:Clipping (computer graphics)|Clip]] [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Transform%2C_clipping%2C_and_lighting Hardware] (2× Fujitsu MB86272 Z-sorter in Model 2C-CRX)
 
−
* [[Sega System 24]] [[wikipedia:Tile engine|tilemap engine]]
 
  
−
;[[wikipedia:Sound card|Audio hardware]]
+
{{multicol|
−
* Sound CPU: [[Motorola 68000]] @ 10&nbsp;MHz (Model 2), or Motorola 68000 @ 12&nbsp;MHz (Model 2A/2B/2C-CRX)
+
* Sound CPU: Motorola 68000 @ 12&nbsp;MHz (16/32‑bit instructions @ 2.1&nbsp;MIPS)
−
* [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Sound_chip Sound chip]: 2× Sega 315-5560 Custom MultiPCM (Model 2), or [[Saturn Custom Sound Processor|Yamaha SCSP]] (Model 2A/2B/2C-CRX)
+
* [[wikipedia:Sound chip|Sound chip]]: [[Saturn Custom Sound Processor|Yamaha SCSP]]
−
* Sound timer: [[Yamaha]] [[YM2612|YM3834]] @ 8&nbsp;MHz (Model 2 only)
+
:* PCM channels: 32
−
* [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] channels: 56
+
:* PCM sample ROM: Up to 16&nbsp;MB
−
* PCM sample [[wikipedia:Read-only memory|ROM]]: 16 [[wikipedia:Mebibit|Mbits]] (Model 2), or 68 Mbits (Model 2A/2B/2C-CRX)
+
:* PCM quality: 16‑bit depth, 44.1&nbsp;kHz sampling rate (CD quality)
−
* PCM quality: 16-bit [[wikipedia:Audio bit depth|depth]], [[wikipedia:44,100 Hz|44.1&nbsp;kHz]] [[wikipedia:Sampling rate|sampling rate]] ([[Compact disc|CD]] [[wikipedia:Sound quality|quality]])
+
:* SCSP features: 128-step DSP, 32 PCM/[[wikipedia:Frequency modulation synthesis|FM]]/[[MIDI]]/[[wikipedia:Low-frequency oscillation|LFO]] channels
−
* SCSP features: 128-step DSP, 32 [[wikipedia:Frequency modulation synthesis|FM synthesis]] channels, 32 [[MIDI]] channels, 32 [[wikipedia:Low-frequency oscillation|LFO]] channels
+
*Memory: Up to 142&nbsp;MB (35,969&nbsp;KB main, 90,244&nbsp;KB video, 16,960&nbsp;KB audio, 2064&nbsp;KB other)
 +
:* System RAM: 9776&nbsp;KB (9.546875&nbsp;MB)
 +
::* Main RAM: 1152&nbsp;KB (1.125&nbsp;MB)
 +
::* VRAM: 5984&nbsp;KB (5.84375&nbsp;MB)
 +
::* Audio RAM: 576&nbsp;KB
 +
::* Other RAM: 2064&nbsp;KB (2.015625&nbsp;MB)
 +
:* Internal processor cache: 36.75&nbsp;KB
 +
::* CPU cache: 768&nbsp;bytes
 +
::* TGP internal RAM cache: 36&nbsp;KB
 +
:* Game ROM: Up to 132.25&nbsp;MB (34&nbsp;MB main, 82.25&nbsp;MB video,{{ref|[http://mamedb.blu-ferret.co.uk/game/dynamcop Dynamite Cop (MAME)]}} 16&nbsp;MB audio)
 +
}}
  
−
;[[wikipedia:Random-access memory|RAM]] (random access memory)
+
===Model 2B-CRX===
 +
Model 2B-CRX, released in 1995, featured upgraded geometry engine DSP coprocessors and increased [[VRAM]]:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}
  
−
Total RAM: 9776 KB (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 18,388 KB (Model 2B/2C-CRX)
+
{{multicol|
−
* Main RAM: 1152 KB (9 Mbits) (1024 KB work, 64 KB network, 64 KB serial)
+
* GPU Geometry Engine DSP coprocessors: 2x ADSP-21062 SHARC @ 40&nbsp;MHz{{fileref|ADSP-2106 datasheet.pdf}}
−
* [[wikipedia:Video memory|Video memory]]: 5984 KB (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 14,596 KB (Model 2B/2C-CRX)
+
:* Coprocessor abilities: Floating decimal point operation function, axis rotation operation function, 3D matrix operation function, [[wikipedia:System on a chip|SOC]], ALU, T&L
−
** [[wikipedia:Framebuffer|Framebuffer]] [[VRAM]]: 1024 KB (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 1536 KB (Model 2B/2C-CRX)
+
:* Fixed-point instructions: 32‑bit instructions, 80&nbsp;MIPS (40&nbsp;MIPS each)
−
** Coprocessor [[wikipedia:Data buffer|buffer]] [[wikipedia:Static random-access memory|SRAM]]/[[wikipedia:Synchronous dynamic random-access memory|SDRAM]]: 64 KB (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 8228 KB (Model 2B/2C-CRX)
+
:* Floating-point units: 32/[[wikipedia:Extended precision|40‑bit]] operations, 240&nbsp;MFLOPS (120&nbsp;MFLOPS each), 80 [[wikipedia:Multiply–accumulate operation|MAC operations]]/sec (40 MACs/sec each)
−
** [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Texture_memory Texture memory]: 4096 KB SRAM/SDRAM
+
:* Data bus width: 96‑bit ([[wikipedia:48-bit|48‑bit]] each)
−
** [[wikipedia:Luma (video)|Luma]]: 128 KB (Model 2/2A-CRX), or 64 KB (Model 2B/2C-CRX)
+
:* DMA controllers: 20 DMA channels (10 channels each), 80 MHz memory access (dual memory access) per SHARC, 480&nbsp;MB/s transfer rate (240&nbsp;MB/s each)
−
** Other: 672 KB (32 KB [[wikipedia:Digital geometry|geometry]], 576 KB [[wikipedia:Tiled rendering|tiles]], 64 KB colors)
+
* Lighting calculations: 240 MFLOPS
−
* Audio memory: 576 KB
+
:* Flat lighting: 1.8 million polygons/sec (floating-point){{ref|46 MAC operations per polygon:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}} 1,739,130 polygons/sec (SHARC), 147,826 polygons/sec (i960)|group=n}}
−
* Backup SRAM/[[wikipedia:Non-volatile random-access memory|NVRAM]]: 16 KB
+
:* Specular lighting: 1.5 million polygons/sec{{ref|51 MAC operations per polygon{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}|group=n}}
−
* Extra RAM: 2048 KB
+
:* Gouraud lighting: 1.3 million polygons/sec (floating-point){{ref|62 MAC operations per polygon:{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}{{ref|1=[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iAvHt5RCHbMC&pg=PA95 ''Design of Digital Systems and Devices'' (pages 95-97)]}} 1,290,322 polygons/sec (SHARC), 109,677 polygons/sec (i960)|group=n}}
 +
* Rendering fillrate: 130 MPixels/s (16bpp), 270 MPixels/s (8bpp), 300 MPixels/s (4bpp)
 +
:* Polygons: 120 MPixels/s (16bpp),{{ref|2 megapixels per frame|group=n}} 240 MPixels/s (8bpp)
 +
:* Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp)
 +
* Texture mapping performance: 120 MTexels/s, lighting
 +
:* 900,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 130-texel polygons
 +
:* 600,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 200-texel polygons
 +
:* 300,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading (software), 32-texel polygons{{ref|101 cycles (62 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 113 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),{{ref|1=[http://sirkan.iit.bme.hu/~szirmay/abbas.pdf#page=53 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)]}}{{fileref|32XUSHardwareManual.pdf|page=76}} 209 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel)|group=n}}
 +
* Memory: Up to 150.21&nbsp;[[Byte|MB]] (35.125&nbsp;MB main, 99,332&nbsp;[[Byte|KB]] video, 16,960&nbsp;KB audio, 18&nbsp;KB other)
 +
:* System [[RAM]]: 18,388&nbsp;KB (17.957031&nbsp;MB){{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 (MAME)]}}
 +
::* Main RAM: 1152&nbsp;KB (1.125&nbsp;MB)
 +
::* [[VRAM]]: 14,596&nbsp;KB (1.5&nbsp;MB framebuffer [[VRAM]], 8228&nbsp;KB coprocessor buffer [[SRAM]]/SDRAM, 4&nbsp;MB texture SRAM/SDRAM, 64&nbsp;KB luma, 32&nbsp;KB geometry, 576&nbsp;KB tiles, 64&nbsp;KB colors)
 +
::* Audio RAM: 576&nbsp;KB
 +
::* Other RAM: 2064&nbsp;KB (2.015625&nbsp;MB)
 +
:* Internal processor cache: 512.75&nbsp;KB
 +
::* CPU cache: 768&nbsp;bytes
 +
::* DSP internal RAM cache: 512&nbsp;KB SRAM (256&nbsp;KB per DSP){{fileref|ADSP-2106 datasheet.pdf}}
 +
:* Game [[ROM]]: Up to 132.25&nbsp;MB (34&nbsp;MB main, 82.25&nbsp;MB video, 16&nbsp;MB audio)
 +
* System RAM bandwidth: 1.1 [[Byte|GB/s]]
 +
:* Main RAM bandwidth: 112 MB/s
 +
:* VRAM bandwidth: 979.34066 MB/s
 +
::* SHARC: 480 MB/s (2x 240 MB/s){{fileref|ADSP-2106 datasheet.pdf|page=4}}
 +
::* Video Board: 499.34066 MB/s
 +
:* Audio RAM bandwidth: 20 MB/s
 +
}}
  
−
;Graphical capabilities
+
===Model 2C-CRX===
 +
Model 2C-CRX, released in 1996, featured an upgraded GPU chipset and optional MPEG sound boards:
  
−
* Monitor [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Display_resolution display resolution]: 496×384 pixels, 24&nbsp;Hz [[wikipedia:Horizontal scan rate|horizontal sync]], 60&nbsp;Hz [[wikipedia:Refresh rate|refresh rate]], [[wikipedia:Progressive scan|progressive scan]] (non-interlaced)
+
{{multicol|
−
* [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Two-dimensional Color depth]: 16,777,216 ([http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_RGB_palettes#24-bit_RGB 24-bit] [[wikipedia:True Color|true color]])
+
* GPU geometry coprocessors: 2x Fujitsu TGPx4 [[MB86235]] @ 40&nbsp;MHz{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}}{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf}}
−
* Graphical features: [[wikipedia:Flat shading|Flat shading]], [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|texture mapping]], [[wikipedia:Texture mapping#Perspective correctness|perspective correction]], [[wikipedia:Texture filtering|Texture filtering]], [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|texture anti-aliasing]], [[wikipedia:Microtexture|microtexture]], [[wikipedia:Diffuse reflection|diffuse reflection]], [[wikipedia:Specular reflection|specular reflection]], [[wikipedia:Alpha blending]], [[wikipedia:Transparency (graphic)|transparency]], [[wikipedia:Rasterization|rasterization]], [[wikipedia:Mipmap|mipmapping]], [[wikipedia:Level of detail|level of detail]], [[wikipedia:Z-buffering|Z-sorting]], [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Transform%2C_clipping%2C_and_lighting T&L (transform, clipping, and lighting)], [[wikipedia:Trilinear filtering|trilinear filtering]]
+
:* Coprocessor capabilities: Geometry Engine DSP, floating decimal point operation function, axis rotation operation function, 3D matrix operation function, ALU, DMA, T&L
−
** [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|Texture map]] resolution: Up to 1024×2048 pixels
+
:* Bus width: 192‑bit (96‑bit each; 64‑bit SDRAM, 32‑bit SRAM)
−
** [[wikipedia:Microtexture|Microtexture]] size: Up to 128×128 pixels
+
* GPU rendering processors: 2x Fujitsu [[MB86271]] AGP (Advanced Graphics Processor) @ 60 MHz{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=4}}
−
** Model 2C-CRX: [[Gouraud shading]], [[wikipedia:Hidden surface determination|hidden surface]], [[wikipedia:Z-buffering|Z-buffering]], [[wikipedia:Nearest-neighbor interpolation|point sampling]], [[wikipedia:Bilinear filtering|bilinear filtering]]
+
:* Capabilities: Hardware rendering, DMA
−
* [[wikipedia:Frame rate|Frame rate]]: 60 frames/sec
+
:* Fixed-point arithmetic: 32/[[wikipedia:64‑bit computing|64‑bit]] instructions, 240&nbsp;MIPS (120&nbsp;MIPS each)
−
* [[wikipedia:Digital geometry|Geometric]] performance:
+
* GPU Z-sorters: 2x Fujitsu [[MB86272]]{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=4}}
−
** Model 2: 300,000 textured [[wikipedia:Polygon mesh|quad polygons]]/sec to over 500,000 textured [[wikipedia:Triangle mesh|triangle polygons]]/sec, 900,000 [http://gaming.wikia.com/wiki/Vector_graphics vectors]/sec
+
:* Capabilities: Z-sorting, clipping
−
** Model 2C-CRX: 490,000 textured [http://www.giantbomb.com/polygonal-3d/3015-1430/ polygons]/sec (with clipping, lighting and [[Gouraud shading]]) to 900,000 textured triangle polygons/sec (with Gouraud shading)
+
* Graphical hardware features: [[Gouraud shading]], [[wikipedia:Hidden surface determination|hidden surface]], Z-buffering, point sampling, bilinear filtering, trilinear filtering{{fileref|3D-CG System with Video Texturing.pdf}}
−
* Rendering [[wikipedia:Fillrate|fillrate]]:
+
* Rendering fillrate: 200 MPixels/s (16bpp), 400 MPixels/s (8bpp), 430 MPixels/s (4bpp)
−
** [[Pixel]] fillrate: 1.2 million pixels/sec (Model 2) to 120 million pixels/sec (2 million pixels/frame) (Model 2B-CRX/2C-CRX)
+
:* Polygons: 188 MPixels/s (16bpp),{{ref|94 megapixels/sec per GPU{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=12}}|group=n}} 376 MPixels/s (8bpp)
−
** [[wikipedia:Texture mapping|Texture]] fillrate: 36 million [[wikipedia:Texel (graphics)|texels]]/sec (500 pixels/polygon) (Model 2C-CRX)
+
:* Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp)
 +
* Texture mapping performance: 188 MTexels/s, lighting, specular,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/video/model2.cpp Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)]}} alpha blending{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf}}
 +
:* 900,000 polygons/sec: 150-texel polygons{{ref|88 cycles per polygon,{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=8}} 266 fixed-point instructions per polygon, 450,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=11}}|group=n}}
 +
:* 600,000 polygons/sec: Z-sorting,{{ref|272 floating-point operations per polygon|group=n}} 400-texel polygons
 +
:* 520,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading,{{ref|151 cycles per polygon{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=8}}|group=n}} 150-texel polygons{{ref|250,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU{{fileref|3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf|page=11}}|group=n}}
 +
:* 360,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading, Z-sorting,{{ref|438 floating-point operations per polygon|group=n}} 300-texel polygons
 +
* Optional MPEG sound board: DSB1
 +
:* Sound CPU: Zilog Z80 (8/16‑bit instructions)
 +
:* Sound chip: [[NEC]] µD65654GF102
 +
* Optional MPEG sound board: DSB2
 +
:* Sound CPU: Motorola 68000 (16/32‑bit instructions)
 +
:* Sound chip: NEC µD65654GF102
 +
}}
  
−
==List of Games==
+
==List of games==
 +
===Model 2===
 
*''[[Daytona USA]]'' (1993)
 
*''[[Daytona USA]]'' (1993)
 
*''[[Daytona USA Deluxe '93]]'' (1993)
 
*''[[Daytona USA Deluxe '93]]'' (1993)
Line 94: Line 239:
 
*''[[Virtua Cop]]'' (1994)
 
*''[[Virtua Cop]]'' (1994)
  
−
===2A-CRX===
+
===Model 2A-CRX===
 
{{multicol|
 
{{multicol|
−
*''[[Dead or Alive]]'' (1996)
+
*''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'' (1994)
−
*''[[Dynamite Baseball]]'' (1996)
 
−
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
 
 
*''[[Manx TT Superbike]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Manx TT Superbike]]'' (1995)
−
*''[[Motor Raid]]'' (1997)
 
−
*''[[Pilot Kids]]'' (1999)
 
 
*''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Sega Rally Championship]]'' (1995)
−
*''[[Sega Rally Pro Drivin']]'' (1992?)
 
 
*''[[Sky Target]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Sky Target]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Virtua Cop 2]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Virtua Cop 2]]'' (1995)
−
*''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'' (1994)
+
*''[[Dead or Alive]]'' (1996)
 +
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Virtua Fighter 2.1]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Virtua Fighter 2.1]]'' (1996)
 +
*''[[Motor Raid]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Zero Gunner]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Zero Gunner]]'' (1997)
 +
*''[[Hanguk Pro Yagu 98]]'' (1998)
 +
*''[[Pilot Kids]]'' (1999)
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
===2B-CRX games===
+
===Model 2B-CRX===
 
{{multicol|
 
{{multicol|
 +
*''[[Fighting Vipers]]'' (1995)
 +
*''[[Gunblade NY]]'' (1995)
 +
*''[[Indy 500]]'' (1995)
 +
*''[[Rail Chase 2]]'' (1995)
 +
*''[[Virtua Striker]]'' (1995)
 
*''[[Dead or Alive]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Dead or Alive]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Dynamite Baseball]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Dynamite Baseball]]'' (1996)
−
*''[[Dynamite Baseball 97]]'' (1997)
 
 
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
−
*''[[Fighting Vipers]]'' (1995)
 
−
*''[[Gunblade NY]]'' (1995)
 
−
*''[[Indy 500]]'' (1995)
 
 
*''[[Last Bronx]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Last Bronx]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Pilot Kids]]'' (1999)
 
*''[[Pilot Kids]]'' (1999)
−
*''[[Rail Chase 2]]'' (1995)
 
 
*''[[sonic:Sonic the Fighters|Sonic the Fighters]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[sonic:Sonic the Fighters|Sonic the Fighters]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Super GT 24H]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Super GT 24H]]'' (1996)
−
*''[[Virtua Striker]]'' (1995)
 
 
*''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'' (1996)
 +
*''[[Dynamite Baseball 97]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Zero Gunner]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Zero Gunner]]'' (1997)
 
}}
 
}}
  
−
===2C-CRX===
+
===Model 2C-CRX===
 
{{multicol|
 
{{multicol|
−
*''[[Behind Enemy Lines]]'' (1998)
 
 
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Dynamite Cop]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Over Rev]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Over Rev]]'' (1997)
Line 139: Line 282:
 
*''[[Sega Touring Car Championship]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Sega Touring Car Championship]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Sega Water Ski]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[Sega Water Ski]]'' (1996)
 +
*''[[Wave Runner]]'' (1996)
 
*''[[The House of the Dead]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[The House of the Dead]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Top Skater]]'' (1997)
 
*''[[Top Skater]]'' (1997)
−
*''[[Wave Runner]]'' (1996)
+
*''[[Behind Enemy Lines]]'' (1998)
 
}}
 
}}
  
Line 147: Line 291:
 
*''[[Ultimate Domain]]'' (unreleased) - Developed by [[Atlus]]. Previewed in ''[[Mean Machines Sega]]'' #51.
 
*''[[Ultimate Domain]]'' (unreleased) - Developed by [[Atlus]]. Previewed in ''[[Mean Machines Sega]]'' #51.
  
−
==Gallery==
+
==History==
 +
The Model 2's development was led by famed game designer [[Yu Suzuki]] and his team at [[Sega AM2]]{{ref|http://archive.is/35o4a|http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}} as part of a joint project between Sega, [[Fujitsu]] and GE Aerospace (acquired by Martin Marietta in 1993, now part of [[Lockheed Martin]]). Sega developed the polygon geometry engine in-house{{magref|nextgeneration|11|16}}, using Fujitsu coprocessors DSP coprocessors that were modified with Sega's custom microcode for hardware [[wikipedia:T&L|T&L]] capabilities{{ref|[http://wiki.mamedev.org/index.php/TGP:Index TGP (MAME)]}} (it would be years before hardware T&L would appear on consumer home systems). This was then combined with GE Aerospace's expensive texture-mapping technology,{{magref|nextgeneration|11|16}} which Suzuki's team condensed into a more affordable chipset.
 +
 
 +
Suzuki stated that the Model 2's texture mapping chip originated "from military equipment from [[Lockheed Martin]], which was formerly General Electric Aerial & Space's textural mapping technology. It cost $2 million USD to use the chip. It was part of flight-simulation equipment that cost $32 million. I asked how much it would cost to buy just the chip and they came back with $2 million. And I had to take that chip and convert it for video game use, and make the technology available for the consumer at 5,000 yen ($50)" per machine. He said "it was tough but we were able to make it for 5,000 yen. Nobody at Sega believed me when I said I wanted to purchase this technology for our games."{{ref|http://archive.is/35o4a|http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}} Suzuki stated that, in "the end," it "was a hit and the industry gained mass-produced texture-mapping as a result." For ''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'', he also utilized motion capture technology, introducing it to the game industry.{{ref|[http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/228512/Yu_Suzuki_recalls_using_military_tech_to_make_Virtua_Fighter_2.php Yu Suzuki recalls using military tech to make Virtua Fighter 2]}}
 +
 
 +
There were also issues working on the new CPU,{{ref|http://archive.is/35o4a|http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}} the [[wikipedia:Intel i960|Intel i960-KB]], which had just released in 1993{{fileref|80960KB datasheet.pdf}}. Suzuki stated that when working "on a brand new CPU, the debugger doesn't exist yet. The latest hardware doesn't work because it's full of bugs. And even if a debugger exists, the debugger itself is full of bugs. So, I had to debug the debugger. And of course with new hardware there's no library or system, so I had to create all of that, as well. It was a brutal cycle."{{ref|http://archive.is/35o4a|http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1}}
 +
 
 +
In a late 1998 interview, Read3D's Jon Lenyo, a former employee of GE Aerospace (later Lockheed Martin), stated that Sega's development for the Model 2 can be traced back as early as November 1990, when he and other GE Aerospace employees visited Sega and demonstrated the trilinear texture filtering and shading capabilities of their technology. As Sega was already working on the [[Sega Model 1]] internally, they eventually incorporated GE Aerospace's technology into the Model 2.{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}}
 +
 
 +
The arcade board debuted along with ''[[Daytona USA]]'', a game which was finished and copyrighted in 1993, and debuted at the [[Amusement Machine Show 1993]]{{magref|egm|51|222}}.
 +
 
 +
Despite its high price tag of around $15,000 (equivalent to $25,000 in 2014), the Model 2 platform was very successful. It featured some of the highest grossing arcade games of all time, including ''Daytona USA'', ''[[Virtua Fighter 2]]'', ''[[Cyber Troopers Virtual-On]]'', ''[[The House of the Dead]]'', and ''[[Dead or Alive]]'', to name a few. Sega sold over 33,000 units of the Model 2 in its first year,{{intref|Press release: 1995-03-20: Lockheed Martin 3D Graphics Accelerator offers real-time PC visual system performance}} followed by 65,000 units annually,{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}} and eventually sold over 130,000 units by 1996, amounting to $2 billion revenue from hardware cabinet sales{{ref|130,000 units{{ref|http://web.archive.org/web/19971210083243/http://www.real3d.com/sega.html}} at $15,000 each{{ref|[http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)]}}{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20141104190719/http://assemblergames.com/forums/showthread.php?47028-Early-concept-of-Daytona-USA-at-Summer-CES-1993-Not-on-Model-2-but-Compu-Scene}}|group=n}} (over $3 billion with inflation), making it one of the [[wikia:w:c:gaming:Arcade game#Best-selling arcade video game franchises|best-selling arcade systems]] of all time.
 +
 
 +
The Model 2 was succeeded in 1996 by the [[Sega Model 3]], which in turn was succeeded by the [[Sega NAOMI]], [[Sega Hikaru]] and [[Sega NAOMI 2]].
 +
 
 +
==Production credits==
 +
{{creditstable|
 +
*[[Hiroshi Yagi]]
 +
| source=Developer mentions{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20210205150032/https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999905/20210126043/}}
 +
| console=Arcade
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
==Magazine articles==
 +
{{mainArticle|{{PAGENAME}}/Magazine articles}}
 +
 
 +
==Photo gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
−
File:Model2 cpu.jpg|CPU
+
Model2 cpu.jpg|CPU
−
File:Model2 videoboard.jpg|Video PCB
+
Model2 videoboard.jpg|Video PCB
−
File:Model2 rom.jpg|A typical ROM (''[[Virtua Cop]]'')
+
Model2 rom.jpg|A typical ROM (''[[Virtua Cop]]'')
−
File:Model2a cpu.jpg|Model 2A CPU
+
Model2a cpu.jpg|Model 2A CPU
−
File:Model2a videoboard.jpg|Model 2A video PCB
+
Model2a videoboard.jpg|Model 2A video PCB
−
File:Model2a rom.jpg|Model 2A ROM (''[[Dead or Alive]]'')
+
Model2a rom.jpg|Model 2A ROM (''[[Dead or Alive]]'')
−
File:Model2b cpuvideo.jpg|Model 2B CPU/Video PCB
+
Model2b cpuvideo.jpg|Model 2B CPU/Video PCB
−
File:Model2b filter.jpg|Model 2B filter PCB
+
Model2b filter.jpg|Model 2B filter PCB
−
File:Model2b comm.jpg|Model 2B communications PCB
+
Model2b comm.jpg|Model 2B communications PCB
−
File:Model2b rom.jpg|A Model 2B ROM
+
Model2b rom.jpg|A Model 2B ROM
−
File:Model2c pcb.jpg|Model 2C PCB
+
Model2c pcb.jpg|Model 2C PCB
 +
SegaModel2BCRX.jpg|Official [[Sega of Japan]] photograph of the Model 2B CRX
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 +
 +
==Notes==
 +
{{multicol|
 +
<references group="n"/>
 +
}}
 +
 +
==References==
 +
{{multicol|
 +
<references/>
 +
|cols=3}}
  
 
{{Sega Arcade Boards}}
 
{{Sega Arcade Boards}}
 
[[Category:Sega Model series]]
 
[[Category:Sega Model series]]

Latest revision as of 05:04, 10 November 2023

Model2 Logo.png
Model2 cpu.jpg
Sega Model 2
Manufacturer: Sega
Variants: Model 2A-CRX, Model 2B-CRX, Model 2C-CRX
Add-ons: DSB1/DSB2 (Model 2C-CRX)
Release Date RRP Code
Arcade
JP		 ¥2,200,000[1] ?
Arcade
US		 $15,000[2] ?
Arcade
UK		 £16,000[1] ?





































The Sega Model 2 (モデル2) is an arcade system board originally debuted by Sega in 1993 as a successor to the Sega Model 1 board. It is an extension of the Model 1 hardware, most notably introducing the concept of texture-mapped polygons, allowing for more realistic 3D graphics for its time.

The Model 2 board was an important milestone for the arcade industry, and helped launch several key arcade franchises of the 1990s, including Daytona USA, Virtua Cop, Sega Rally Championship, Dead or Alive, Virtua Striker, Cyber Troopers Virtual-On and The House of the Dead.

Hardware

The Model 2 was designed as the direct successor to the Model 1, and like its predecessor was released as a set of printed circuit boards to arcade operators, or packaged in bespoke cabinets created by Sega. It came into existence when General Electric approached Sega with some real-time texture mapping ASICs, which led to a commercial partnership in August 1992[3]. The board took about a year to produce[3].

The most noticeable improvement of the Model 2 over the Model 1 is texture mapping, which enables polygons to be painted with bitmap images, as opposed to the limited monotone flat shading that the previous board supported. The Model 2 also introduced the use of texture filtering and texture anti-aliasing,[4] as well as trilinear filtering.[2] It was the most powerful game system in its time, equivalent to the power of a PC graphics card in 1998, five years after the Model 2's release.[2] It can handle 300,000 polygons per second[3].

There are in fact four versions of the system: the original Model 2, and the Model 2A-CRX, Model 2B-CRX and Model 2C-CRX variants. The Model 2 and 2A-CRX use a custom DSP with internal code for the geometrizer, while 2B-CRX and 2C-CRX use well documented DSPs and upload the geometrizer code at startup to the DSP.

According to Yu Suzuki, the Sega Model 2B-CRX arcade system board developed for Fighting Vipers "has a slightly faster processing speed" and "a higher response to displaying more polygons".[5]

Technical specifications

Model 2

  • Board composition: CPU Board, Video Board, Communication Board, ROM Board, Sound Board, Feedback Driver Board[6]
  • Revisions: CPU Board 837-10071 (50 MHz), Video Board 837-10072 (50 MHz), Communication Board 837-10537, ROM Board 834-10798, Sound Board 837-8679 (20 MHz), Drive Board 838-10646[7]
  • Additional CPU: 2x Zilog Z80 (8/16‑bit instructions @ 1.74 MIPS)
  • Communication Board: 8 MHz[7][11] (1.16 MIPS)
  • Feedback Driver: 4 MHz[6] (0.58 MIPS)

Sound

Graphics

Graphical specifications of the Sega Model 2:[13][6][14]

  • GPU:
  • GPU graphics card: Sega Video Board 837-10072 @ 50 MHz[7][19]
  • Overscan resolution: 656×496
  • Pixel clock rate: 19.523 MHz
  • Arithmetic: 110 MFLOPS (floating-point), 210 MIPS (fixed-point)[n 4]
  • Additions: 61 million adds/sec (floating-point), 110 million adds/sec (fixed-point)[n 5]
  • Multiplications: 61 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 110 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point)[n 6]
  • Divisions: 30 million divides/sec[n 7]
  • Geometry transformations: 6 million vertices/sec,[n 8] 2 million polygons/sec[n 9]
  • Rendering fillrate: 110 MPixels/s (16bpp), 230 MPixels/s (8bpp), 260 MPixels/s (4bpp)
  • Polygons: 100 MPixels/s (16bpp), 200 MPixels/s (8bpp)[n 15]
  • Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp)[n 16]
  • Polygon rendering performance: 100 MPixels/s, 900,000 vectors/sec
  • Texture mapping performance: 100 MTexels/s, lighting
  • 900,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 100-texel polygons
  • 500,000 polygons/sec:[24] Specular, 200-texel polygons
  • 300,000 polygons/sec: All hardware effects,[27] trilinear filtering,[2] specular, 300-texel polygons
  • 300,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading (software), 32-texel polygons[n 17]
  • Hardware support: Motion capture

Memory

  • Memory: Up to 62 MB (10,881 KB main, 35,460 KB video, 16,960 KB audio, 18 KB other)
  • System RAM: 9776 KB (9.546875 MB)[13]
  • Internal processor cache: 36.75 KB
  • CPU cache: 768 bytes[8]
  • TGP internal RAM cache: 36 KB (6 KB per TGP)[16]
  • Game ROM: Up to 54.25 MB

Bandwidth

  • System RAM bandwidth: 982 MB/s
  • Main RAM bandwidth: 78.7 MB/s
  • VRAM bandwidth: 883.34066 MB/s[7][19]
  • TGP: 384 MB/s[n 19]
  • Video Board: 499.34066 MB/s
  • 315‑5292 & 315‑5644: 30.769232 MB/s[n 20]
  • 315‑5645: 28.571428 MB/s[n 21]
  • 315‑5646 & 315‑5647: 400 MB/s[n 22]
  • 315‑5712: 40 MB/s[n 23]
  • Audio RAM bandwidth: 20 MB/s[n 24]
  • Internal processor cache bandwidth: 484 MB/s
  • CPU cache: 100 MB/s[n 25]
  • TGP internal RAM cache: 384 MB/s[n 26]

Model 2A-CRX

Model 2A-CRX, released in 1994, featured upgraded sound capabilities and increased ROM capacity:

  • PCM channels: 32
  • PCM sample ROM: Up to 16 MB
  • PCM quality: 16‑bit depth, 44.1 kHz sampling rate (CD quality)
  • SCSP features: 128-step DSP, 32 PCM/FM/MIDI/LFO channels
  • Memory: Up to 142 MB (35,969 KB main, 90,244 KB video, 16,960 KB audio, 2064 KB other)
  • System RAM: 9776 KB (9.546875 MB)
  • Main RAM: 1152 KB (1.125 MB)
  • VRAM: 5984 KB (5.84375 MB)
  • Audio RAM: 576 KB
  • Other RAM: 2064 KB (2.015625 MB)
  • Internal processor cache: 36.75 KB
  • CPU cache: 768 bytes
  • TGP internal RAM cache: 36 KB
  • Game ROM: Up to 132.25 MB (34 MB main, 82.25 MB video,[37] 16 MB audio)

Model 2B-CRX

Model 2B-CRX, released in 1995, featured upgraded geometry engine DSP coprocessors and increased VRAM:[13]

  • GPU Geometry Engine DSP coprocessors: 2x ADSP-21062 SHARC @ 40 MHz[38]
  • Coprocessor abilities: Floating decimal point operation function, axis rotation operation function, 3D matrix operation function, SOC, ALU, T&L
  • Fixed-point instructions: 32‑bit instructions, 80 MIPS (40 MIPS each)
  • Floating-point units: 32/40‑bit operations, 240 MFLOPS (120 MFLOPS each), 80 MAC operations/sec (40 MACs/sec each)
  • Data bus width: 96‑bit (48‑bit each)
  • DMA controllers: 20 DMA channels (10 channels each), 80 MHz memory access (dual memory access) per SHARC, 480 MB/s transfer rate (240 MB/s each)
  • Lighting calculations: 240 MFLOPS
  • Flat lighting: 1.8 million polygons/sec (floating-point)[n 30]
  • Specular lighting: 1.5 million polygons/sec[n 31]
  • Gouraud lighting: 1.3 million polygons/sec (floating-point)[n 32]
  • Rendering fillrate: 130 MPixels/s (16bpp), 270 MPixels/s (8bpp), 300 MPixels/s (4bpp)
  • Polygons: 120 MPixels/s (16bpp),[n 33] 240 MPixels/s (8bpp)
  • Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp)
  • Texture mapping performance: 120 MTexels/s, lighting
  • 900,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 130-texel polygons
  • 600,000 polygons/sec: Specular, 200-texel polygons
  • 300,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading (software), 32-texel polygons[n 34]
  • Memory: Up to 150.21 MB (35.125 MB main, 99,332 KB video, 16,960 KB audio, 18 KB other)
  • System RAM: 18,388 KB (17.957031 MB)[6]
  • Main RAM: 1152 KB (1.125 MB)
  • VRAM: 14,596 KB (1.5 MB framebuffer VRAM, 8228 KB coprocessor buffer SRAM/SDRAM, 4 MB texture SRAM/SDRAM, 64 KB luma, 32 KB geometry, 576 KB tiles, 64 KB colors)
  • Audio RAM: 576 KB
  • Other RAM: 2064 KB (2.015625 MB)
  • Internal processor cache: 512.75 KB
  • CPU cache: 768 bytes
  • DSP internal RAM cache: 512 KB SRAM (256 KB per DSP)[38]
  • Game ROM: Up to 132.25 MB (34 MB main, 82.25 MB video, 16 MB audio)
  • System RAM bandwidth: 1.1 GB/s
  • Main RAM bandwidth: 112 MB/s
  • VRAM bandwidth: 979.34066 MB/s
  • SHARC: 480 MB/s (2x 240 MB/s)[39]
  • Video Board: 499.34066 MB/s
  • Audio RAM bandwidth: 20 MB/s

Model 2C-CRX

Model 2C-CRX, released in 1996, featured an upgraded GPU chipset and optional MPEG sound boards:

  • Coprocessor capabilities: Geometry Engine DSP, floating decimal point operation function, axis rotation operation function, 3D matrix operation function, ALU, DMA, T&L
  • Bus width: 192‑bit (96‑bit each; 64‑bit SDRAM, 32‑bit SRAM)
  • GPU rendering processors: 2x Fujitsu MB86271 AGP (Advanced Graphics Processor) @ 60 MHz[41]
  • Capabilities: Hardware rendering, DMA
  • Fixed-point arithmetic: 32/64‑bit instructions, 240 MIPS (120 MIPS each)
  • Capabilities: Z-sorting, clipping
  • Graphical hardware features: Gouraud shading, hidden surface, Z-buffering, point sampling, bilinear filtering, trilinear filtering[42]
  • Rendering fillrate: 200 MPixels/s (16bpp), 400 MPixels/s (8bpp), 430 MPixels/s (4bpp)
  • Polygons: 188 MPixels/s (16bpp),[n 35] 376 MPixels/s (8bpp)
  • Tilemaps: 15 MPixels/s (16bpp), 30 MPixels/s (8bpp), 61 MPixels/s (4bpp)
  • Texture mapping performance: 188 MTexels/s, lighting, specular,[13] alpha blending[40]
  • 900,000 polygons/sec: 150-texel polygons[n 36]
  • 600,000 polygons/sec: Z-sorting,[n 37] 400-texel polygons
  • 520,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading,[n 38] 150-texel polygons[n 39]
  • 360,000 polygons/sec: Gouraud shading, Z-sorting,[n 40] 300-texel polygons
  • Optional MPEG sound board: DSB1
  • Sound CPU: Zilog Z80 (8/16‑bit instructions)
  • Sound chip: NEC µD65654GF102
  • Optional MPEG sound board: DSB2
  • Sound CPU: Motorola 68000 (16/32‑bit instructions)
  • Sound chip: NEC µD65654GF102

List of games

Model 2

Model 2A-CRX

Model 2B-CRX

Model 2C-CRX

Other

History

The Model 2's development was led by famed game designer Yu Suzuki and his team at Sega AM2[46] as part of a joint project between Sega, Fujitsu and GE Aerospace (acquired by Martin Marietta in 1993, now part of Lockheed Martin). Sega developed the polygon geometry engine in-house[14], using Fujitsu coprocessors DSP coprocessors that were modified with Sega's custom microcode for hardware T&L capabilities[17] (it would be years before hardware T&L would appear on consumer home systems). This was then combined with GE Aerospace's expensive texture-mapping technology,[14] which Suzuki's team condensed into a more affordable chipset.

Suzuki stated that the Model 2's texture mapping chip originated "from military equipment from Lockheed Martin, which was formerly General Electric Aerial & Space's textural mapping technology. It cost $2 million USD to use the chip. It was part of flight-simulation equipment that cost $32 million. I asked how much it would cost to buy just the chip and they came back with $2 million. And I had to take that chip and convert it for video game use, and make the technology available for the consumer at 5,000 yen ($50)" per machine. He said "it was tough but we were able to make it for 5,000 yen. Nobody at Sega believed me when I said I wanted to purchase this technology for our games."[46] Suzuki stated that, in "the end," it "was a hit and the industry gained mass-produced texture-mapping as a result." For Virtua Fighter 2, he also utilized motion capture technology, introducing it to the game industry.[47]

There were also issues working on the new CPU,[46] the Intel i960-KB, which had just released in 1993[9]. Suzuki stated that when working "on a brand new CPU, the debugger doesn't exist yet. The latest hardware doesn't work because it's full of bugs. And even if a debugger exists, the debugger itself is full of bugs. So, I had to debug the debugger. And of course with new hardware there's no library or system, so I had to create all of that, as well. It was a brutal cycle."[46]

In a late 1998 interview, Read3D's Jon Lenyo, a former employee of GE Aerospace (later Lockheed Martin), stated that Sega's development for the Model 2 can be traced back as early as November 1990, when he and other GE Aerospace employees visited Sega and demonstrated the trilinear texture filtering and shading capabilities of their technology. As Sega was already working on the Sega Model 1 internally, they eventually incorporated GE Aerospace's technology into the Model 2.[2]

The arcade board debuted along with Daytona USA, a game which was finished and copyrighted in 1993, and debuted at the Amusement Machine Show 1993[48].

Despite its high price tag of around $15,000 (equivalent to $25,000 in 2014), the Model 2 platform was very successful. It featured some of the highest grossing arcade games of all time, including Daytona USA, Virtua Fighter 2, Cyber Troopers Virtual-On, The House of the Dead, and Dead or Alive, to name a few. Sega sold over 33,000 units of the Model 2 in its first year,[49] followed by 65,000 units annually,[2] and eventually sold over 130,000 units by 1996, amounting to $2 billion revenue from hardware cabinet sales[n 41] (over $3 billion with inflation), making it one of the best-selling arcade systems of all time.

The Model 2 was succeeded in 1996 by the Sega Model 3, which in turn was succeeded by the Sega NAOMI, Sega Hikaru and Sega NAOMI 2.

Production credits

Source:
Developer mentions[52]


Magazine articles

Main article: Sega Model 2/Magazine articles.

Photo gallery

  • CPU

  • Video PCB

  • A typical ROM (Virtua Cop)

  • Model 2A CPU

  • Model 2A video PCB

  • Model 2A ROM (Dead or Alive)

  • Model 2B CPU/Video PCB

  • Model 2B filter PCB

  • Model 2B communications PCB

  • A Model 2B ROM

  • Model 2C PCB

  • Official Sega of Japan photograph of the Model 2B CRX

Notes

  1. ↑ [5 instructions per cycle[18] 5 instructions per cycle[18]]
  2. ↑ MAC (multiply–accumulate) operation (multiply and add) per cycle[18]
  3. ↑ [1 operation per cycle (2 cycles per MAC operation)[18] 1 operation per cycle (2 cycles per MAC operation)[18]]
  4. ↑ [TGP: 96 MFLOPS, 192 MIPS[16]
    i960: 13.6 MFLOPS, 25 MIPS[9] TGP: 96 MFLOPS, 192 MIPS[16]
    i960: 13.6 MFLOPS, 25 MIPS[9]]
  5. ↑ [TGP: 48 million adds/sec (floating-point), 96 million adds/sec (fixed-point)[25]
    i960: 13.6 million adds/sec (floating-point), 25 million adds/sec (fixed-point) TGP: 48 million adds/sec (floating-point), 96 million adds/sec (fixed-point)[25]
    i960: 13.6 million adds/sec (floating-point), 25 million adds/sec (fixed-point)]
  6. ↑ [TGP: 48 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 96 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point)[25]
    i960: 13.6 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 25 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point) TGP: 48 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 96 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point)[25]
    i960: 13.6 million multiplies/sec (floating-point), 25 million multiplies/sec (fixed-point)]
  7. ↑ [Z-sorting & clipping chipset, 32 MHz Z-sorting & clipping chipset, 32 MHz]
  8. ↑ [TGP: 5,333,333 vertices/sec, 18 cycles (9 MAC operations) per vertex[13]
    i960: 755,555 vertices/sec, 18 floating-point operations (9 MAC operations) per vertex TGP: 5,333,333 vertices/sec, 18 cycles (9 MAC operations) per vertex[13]
    i960: 755,555 vertices/sec, 18 floating-point operations (9 MAC operations) per vertex]
  9. ↑ [3 vertices per triangle polygon 3 vertices per triangle polygon]
  10. ↑ [TGP: 1,043,478 polygons/sec, 92 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon[13]
    i960: 147,826 polygons/sec, 92 floating-point operations (46 MAC operations) per polygon TGP: 1,043,478 polygons/sec, 92 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon[13]
    i960: 147,826 polygons/sec, 92 floating-point operations (46 MAC operations) per polygon]
  11. ↑ [46 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon[13] 46 cycles (46 MAC operations) per polygon[13]]
  12. ↑ [102 cycles (51 MAC operations) per polygon[13] 102 cycles (51 MAC operations) per polygon[13]]
  13. ↑ [TGP: 774,193 polygons/sec, 124 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon[13][26]
    i960: 109,677 polygons/sec, 124 floating-point operations (62 MAC operations) per polygon TGP: 774,193 polygons/sec, 124 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon[13][26]
    i960: 109,677 polygons/sec, 124 floating-point operations (62 MAC operations) per polygon]
  14. ↑ [62 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon[13][26] 62 cycles (62 MAC operations) per polygon[13][26]]
  15. ↑ [400 MB/s polygon rendering bandwidth (2x 32‑bit, 50 MHz) 400 MB/s polygon rendering bandwidth (2x 32‑bit, 50 MHz)]
  16. ↑ [30.769232 MB/s tilemap generator bandwidth (2x 16‑bit, 7.692308 MHz) 30.769232 MB/s tilemap generator bandwidth (2x 16‑bit, 7.692308 MHz)]
  17. ↑ [163 cycles (124 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 175 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),[28][29] 271 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel) 163 cycles (124 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 175 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),[28][29] 271 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel)]
  18. ↑ [2x 8‑bit, 8/4 MHz 2x 8‑bit, 8/4 MHz]
  19. ↑ [6x 32‑bit, 16 MHz[31] 6x 32‑bit, 16 MHz[31]]
  20. ↑ [2x 16‑bit, 7.692308 MHz[32] 2x 16‑bit, 7.692308 MHz[32]]
  21. ↑ [16‑bit, 14.285714 MHz[33] 16‑bit, 14.285714 MHz[33]]
  22. ↑ [2x 32‑bit, 50 MHz 2x 32‑bit, 50 MHz]
  23. ↑ [8‑bit, 40 MHz[34] 8‑bit, 40 MHz[34]]
  24. ↑ [16‑bit, 10 MHz 16‑bit, 10 MHz]
  25. ↑ [32‑bit, 25 MHz 32‑bit, 25 MHz]
  26. ↑ [6x 32‑bit, 16 MHz 6x 32‑bit, 16 MHz]
  27. ↑ [5x 32‑bit 5x 32‑bit]
  28. ↑ [32‑bit, 33–50 MHz, 20–30 ns[35][36] 32‑bit, 33–50 MHz, 20–30 ns[35][36]]
  29. ↑ [4x 32‑bit, 50 MHz 4x 32‑bit, 50 MHz]
  30. ↑ [46 MAC operations per polygon:[13] 1,739,130 polygons/sec (SHARC), 147,826 polygons/sec (i960) 46 MAC operations per polygon:[13] 1,739,130 polygons/sec (SHARC), 147,826 polygons/sec (i960)]
  31. ↑ [51 MAC operations per polygon[13] 51 MAC operations per polygon[13]]
  32. ↑ [62 MAC operations per polygon:[13][26] 1,290,322 polygons/sec (SHARC), 109,677 polygons/sec (i960) 62 MAC operations per polygon:[13][26] 1,290,322 polygons/sec (SHARC), 109,677 polygons/sec (i960)]
  33. ↑ [2 megapixels per frame 2 megapixels per frame]
  34. ↑ [101 cycles (62 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 113 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),[28][29] 209 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel) 101 cycles (62 cycles geometry, 39 raster operations) per polygon, 113 cycles per 4-scanline polygon (3 operations/scanline per polygon),[28][29] 209 cycles per 32-pixel polygon (3 cycles per pixel)]
  35. ↑ [94 megapixels/sec per GPU[43] 94 megapixels/sec per GPU[43]]
  36. ↑ [88 cycles per polygon,[44] 266 fixed-point instructions per polygon, 450,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU[45] 88 cycles per polygon,[44] 266 fixed-point instructions per polygon, 450,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU[45]]
  37. ↑ [272 floating-point operations per polygon 272 floating-point operations per polygon]
  38. ↑ [151 cycles per polygon[44] 151 cycles per polygon[44]]
  39. ↑ [250,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU[45] 250,000 150-pixel polygons/sec per GPU[45]]
  40. ↑ [438 floating-point operations per polygon 438 floating-point operations per polygon]
  41. ↑ [130,000 units[50] at $15,000 each[2][51] 130,000 units[50] at $15,000 each[2][51]] (Wayback Machine: 2014-11-04 19:07)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mean Machines Sega, "August 1994" (UK; 1994-06-30), page 93
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Second Hand Smoke: One up, two down (October 22, 1999)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Edge, "June 1994" (UK; 1994-04-28), page 49
  4. ↑ IGN PRESENTS THE HISTORY OF SEGA (page 8)
  5. ↑ File:SSM_UK_02.pdf, page 21
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Sega Model 2 (MAME)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Sega PCB
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 File:I960 datasheet.pdf
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 File:80960KB datasheet.pdf
  10. ↑ File:I960 datasheet.pdf, page 2
  11. ↑ http://pdf.datasheetarchive.com/indexerfiles/Scans-068/DSA2IH00225160.pdf
  12. ↑ File:ST-077-R2-052594.pdf
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 Sega Model 2 Geometry Engine and 3D Rasterizer (MAME)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Next Generation, "November 1995" (US; 1995-10-24), page 16
  15. ↑ Sega Model 2 ROM Dump
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 File:MB86232 datasheet.pdf
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 TGP (MAME)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 File:MB86232 datasheet.pdf, page 32
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sega Model 2 Video Board
  20. ↑ Sega 16‑Bit Common Hardware, MAME
  21. ↑ Sega System 24 Hardware Notes (2013-06-16)
  22. ↑ Electronic Gaming Monthly, "June 1994" (US; 1994-xx-xx), page 68
  23. ↑ File:VirtuaFighter2 Model2 Flyer.pdf, page 2
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Saturn maybe not so stellar (Game Zero Magazine)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 File:MB86232 datasheet.pdf, page 33
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (pages 95-97)
  27. ↑ File:DaytonaUSA Model2 Flyer.pdf, page 2
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Transformation Of Rendering Algorithms For Hardware Implementation (page 53)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 File:32XUSHardwareManual.pdf, page 76
  30. ↑ File:80960KB datasheet.pdf, page 7
  31. ↑ File:TC5588P datasheet.pdf
  32. ↑ File:TC518128CPL datasheet.pdf
  33. ↑ File:MB84256A datasheet.pdf
  34. ↑ http://pdf.datasheetarchive.com/datasheetsmain/Datasheets-39/DSA-764435.pdf
  35. ↑ File:AM27C1024 datasheet.pdf
  36. ↑ File:MX27C1024 datasheet.pdf
  37. ↑ Dynamite Cop (MAME)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 File:ADSP-2106 datasheet.pdf
  39. ↑ File:ADSP-2106 datasheet.pdf, page 4
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 File:3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 File:3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf, page 4
  42. ↑ File:3D-CG System with Video Texturing.pdf
  43. ↑ File:3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf, page 12
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 File:3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf, page 8
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 File:3DGraphicsProcessorChipSet.pdf, page 11
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 http://www.1up.com/features/disappearance-suzuki-part-1 (archive.today)
  47. ↑ Yu Suzuki recalls using military tech to make Virtua Fighter 2
  48. ↑ Electronic Gaming Monthly, "October 1993" (US; 1993-xx-xx), page 222
  49. ↑ Press release: 1995-03-20: Lockheed Martin 3D Graphics Accelerator offers real-time PC visual system performance
  50. ↑ http://www.real3d.com/sega.html (Wayback Machine: 1997-12-10 08:32)
  51. ↑ http://assemblergames.com/forums/showthread.php?47028-Early-concept-of-Daytona-USA-at-Summer-CES-1993-Not-on-Model-2-but-Compu-Scene (Wayback Machine: 2014-11-04 19:07)
  52. ↑ https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999905/20210126043/ (Wayback Machine: 2021-02-05 15:00)


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