Sega Model 3
From Sega Retro
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| Sega Model 3 | |||||
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The Sega Model 3 is an arcade platform produced by Sega. It is a successor to the Sega Model 2 platform, and was released in 1996.
The Model 3 hardware is very different to the Sega Model 1 and Model 2 boards which preceded it. The Model 3 utilized Real3D Pro-1000 graphics processing units, designed by Real3D in partnership with Mitsubishi. The Model 3 was designed to push as many textured polygons as possible in real-time, along with the most advanced graphical techniques available at the time, such as multisample anti-aliasing, motion blur, facial animation, specular highlighting/reflection/shading, and multiple light sources. Upon release, the Model 3 board was more powerful than any other arcade platform on the market, as well as any home console or computer at the time; it took several years for home systems to catch-up to the Model 3.
The Model 3 was succeeded by the Sega NAOMI in 1998, followed by the Sega Hikaru in 1999 and Sega NAOMI 2 in 2000.
History
The Model 3 board went through a series of delays which frustrated Sega. Following their success with the Model 2's texture-mapping chip, Real3D (a spin-off company from Lockheed Martin) were unable to finalise the specifications of the Model 3's GPU, the Real3D Pro-1000 graphics processors, until late 1995 or early 1996. By this time, Real3D had partnered with Mitsubishi, which provided the ALU and graphics memory for the Pro-1000.[1] Sega had planned to release the Model 3 board in late 1995 along with three games, one of which, Indy 500, was reportedly downgraded to Model 2 hardware thanks to the troubles.[2] In late 1995, Yu Suzuki promised the Model 3 would deliver "the best 3D graphics".[3] When the Model 3 specification was finalized, it used two Real3D Pro-1000 processors, including four Mitsubishi 3D-RAM ALU chips.[4] The Model 3 eventually debuted, with Virtua Fighter 3 as its first game, at the AOU Show 1996 in February 1996, and was followed by Scud Race later that year. The board was officially supported until 1999, to make room for the Sega NAOMI and its successors, the Sega Hikaru and NAOMI 2.
The Model 3 went through a number of revisions (steps) in which improvements were made the system and board architecture was changed. These "steppings" mainly increased the clock speed of the CPU and the speed of the 3D engine, as well as minor changes to the board architecture.[4] Step 1.0 and Step 1.5 released in 1996, Step 2.0 in 1997, and Step 2.1 in 1998. Though there was much talk of Model 3 games being ported to the Sega Saturn, all home ports of Model 3 games were seen on the Sega Dreamcast, including the likes of Sega Rally 2, Virtua Fighter 3tb, Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram and Virtua Striker 2.
It was the most powerful game system in its time, an order of magnitude more powerful than PC graphics cards from 1998, which were still producing Model 2 quality graphics, two years years after the Model 3's release.[5] By 2000, the Sega Model 2 & 3 had sold over 200,000 arcade systems worldwide,[6] making them some of the best-selling arcade game boards of all time. At around $15,000 each (for the Model 2, with the Model 3 costing higher), this amounts to at least over $3 billion revenue from cabinet sales, equivalent to over $4.9 billion in 2014.
From the early 1970s, arcades had been at the forefront of graphical technology in video games. The Model 3 hardware as well as competitors from this era were also leading the industry from a graphical perspective at the time, compared to PCs which were still producing Model 2 quality graphics in 1998,[5] but the gap began to slowly narrow after that, as PCs would begin to benefit from hardware accelerated graphics towards the end of the decade. Beginning with the co-development of the Sega Dreamcast console and Sega NAOMI arcade system, both released in 1998, consoles and later PCs would slowly become the basis for arcade systems, rather than the reverse as it had been up until this point. The last proprietary Sega arcade systems would be the Sega Hikaru and Sega NAOMI 2, after which PCs would overtake arcade systems as the forefront of graphical technology. Today, arcade games are built primarily around controls and the experience one gets from a game as opposed to graphical potential. Complex motion cabinets, and large, unique forms of control unsuitable for households is what drives the arcade industry in the present day.
Technical Specifications
Step 1.0 Specifications
Technical specifications for the Sega Model 3 Step 1.0: [4]
- Board Composition: CPU Board + VIDEO Board + ROM Board + Network/Communication Board + Security Board [7]
- Main CPU: IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e @ 66 MHz [8]
- Network/Communication Board CPU: Motorola 68000 (16/32-bit) @ 12 MHz (2.1 MIPS)
Sound
- Sound CPU : Motorola 68000 (16/32-bit) @ 12 MHz (2.1 MIPS)
- Sound Chip: 2× Yamaha SCSP/YMF292-F
- DSP: 2× "LAKE" FH1 128-step DSP @ 22.6 MHz [12]
- Bus width: 2× 24-bit internal, 2× 16-bit external [13]
- PCM audio: 64 voices/channels, 16-bit depth, 44.1 kHz sampling rate (CD quality)
- Other features: MIDI interface, 32 MIDI channels, 32 FM synthesis channels, 32 LFO channels, 4-channel surround sound, 16.5 MB SROM (Sound ROM)
- Optional Sound Board: MPEG Sound Board
- Sound CPU: Motorola 68000 or Zilog Z80
- Sound chip: NEC uD65654GF102
- Features: MPEG audio compression, stereo output, steam individual mono channels to left and right speakers
Graphics
- Video Board: Sega 837-11859 MODEL3
- GPU: 2× Sega 315-5830-A (Real3D Pro‑1000) @ 50 MHz [14][15][1][16]
- ALU: 4× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz, 2 ALU per GPU) [17][18][19]
- Functional blocks per ALU: 32-bit Pixel ALU (33 MHz), 256-bit Global Bus (16 MHz), 256/32-bit triple-port SRAM Pixel Buffer cache (16/33 MHz), 1280-bit (2× 640-bit) SAM Video Buffers (27 MHz), 128-bit (16× 32-bit) dual-port DRAM banks (16 MHz)
- Render output units: 16× 8-bit ROP/blend units (33 MHz, 4 units per ALU), 8× 32-bit Z‑compare units (33 MHz, 2 units per ALU)
- Features: Blending, depth check, stencil & raster operations,[20] alpha blending, tiled rendering, 16/24/32-bit Z-buffering, hidden surface removal, 30-85 Hz refresh rate, OpenGL support
- Framebuffers: 320×200 to 1280×1024 (16/24/32-bit), Z-buffer (16/24/32-bit)
- Performance: 528 million operations/sec, 7 million vectors/sec, 4 million tiles/sec [21]
- Geometrizers: 2× Geometry Engine ASIC (50 MHz, 2× 32-bit floating-point units)
- Geometrizer features: T&L (transform, clipping, lighting), culling, 24-bit hidden surface removal, clipping, 24-bit floating-point Z-buffering, depth buffer, stencil buffer, particle effects [22]
- Lighting: Parallel light, pin-point light, 4 light spots, 4 spot lights, pin spot light, specular reflection, specular highlighting, headlight illumination, landing lights, glare effects, sunlight
- Renderers: 2× Pixel Processors (50 MHz)
- Anti-aliasing: Texture anti-aliasing, multi-layered anti-aliasing (multi-sample anti-aliasing), texture & edge multi-layered anti-aliasing, S-buffer anti-aliasing technology
- Shading: Flat shading, Gouraud shading, high-specular Gouraud shading, micro texture shading, fix shading, flat sun shading
- Texture units: 2× Texture Processors (50 MHz) [22]
- Capabilities: Full color texture mapping, mipmapping, perspective correction, texture filtering, Trilinear filtering, trilinear interpolation, trilinear mipmapping, mipmapped trilinear interpolation texture mapping algorithms, reflection/environment mapping, 4-bit to 24-bit color per texture
- Texture sizes: 32×32 to 1024×1024 (mipmapped), 32×32 to 2048×2048 (non-mipmapped)
- Texture RAM: 8 MB (16× 512 KB) Mitsubishi CDRAM (Cached DRAM, 33 MHz),[23] dual 2048×1024 texture sheets (4.2 million texels per frame)
- Special effects: Zoning fog, 32 levels of translucency, 64 levels of model/texture LOD, fade in/out, 4095 moving models, motion blur
- Other features: 2 DMA devices,[24] 2 tile generators,[25] 2 Fragment Processors
- ALU: 4× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz, 2 ALU per GPU) [17][18][19]
- Display Resolution: 496×384 to 640x480, progressive scan (non-interlaced), 24 kHz horizontal sync, one or two planes
- Color Depth: 32-bit ARGB, 24-bit RGB (16,777,216 colors) and alpha opacity
- Scroll Window: Two planes (24 kHz, two plane mode), 16 colors/32,768 1024 palette x 2 bank, 256/32,768 64 palette x 2 bank
- Geometric Performance:
- 3D-RAM Fillrate: [21]
- Framebuffers: 528 million pixels/sec (write), 2.112 billion pixels/sec (erase)
- Polygons: 300 million pixels/sec (3 million triangles/sec), 200 million pixels/sec (4 million triangles/sec)
- Renderer Fillrate: 270 million pixels/sec (framebuffers),[16] 100 million pixels/sec (polygons) [15]
- Texture Fillrate: 100 million texels/sec, 16 million colored textures/sec [15]
- VROM Access: GPU has direct access to VROM (Video ROM) on game ROM board,[26] with fast Mask ROM access speed allowing it to stream polygon/texture data directly from VROM [11]
Memory
- Memory: Up to 251.23 MB (144 MB main, 89.157226 MB video, 17.570312 MB sound, 512 KB other) [10]
- RAM: 35,561 KB (34.727539 MB)
- Main RAM: 8 MB (3 MB SGRAM) [27]
- VRAM: 25,761 KB (5121 KB framebuffers, 9248 KB textures, 1 MB display list, 4 MB polygons, 5 MB culling,[26] 1152 KB tile generator) [22]
- Framebuffer RAM: 5121 KB Mitsubishi 3D-RAM (5 MB DRAM, 1 KB pixel buffer SRAM cache) [18]
- Texture RAM: 9248 KB (8 MB Mitsubishi CDRAM, 32 KB SRAM cache,[23] 1 MB FIFO)
- SDRAM: 4 MB [28]
- Sound RAM: 1096 KB (64 KB main, 1032 KB SCSP DRAM; 512 KB per SCSP chip) [29]
- Other RAM: 512 KB (192 KB security,[7] 192 KB network/communication SRAM,[30] 128 KB backup SRAM/NVRAM) [31]
- ROM: Up to 216.5 MB [7]
- CROM: 136 MB (CPU ROM)
- VROM: 64 MB (Video ROM)
- SROM: 16.5 MB (Sound ROM)
Bandwidth
Step 1.5 Specifications
The Sega Model 3 Step 1.5, released in late 1996, had a higher CPU clock rate and faster 3D engine: [4]
- Board Composition: CPU Board + VIDEO Board + ROM Board + Network/Communication Board + Security Board
- Main CPU: IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603e @ 100 MHz (300 MIPS, 200 MFLOPS)
Graphics
- Video Board: Sega 837-12875 MODEL3 STEP 1.5
- GPU: 2× Sega 315-5830-B (Real3D Pro‑1000) @ 66 MHz
- ALU: 4× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz)
- Performance: 528 million operations/sec, 7 million vectors/sec, 4 million tiles/sec
- Geometrizers: 2× Geometry Engine ASIC (66 MHz, 2× 32-bit floating-point units)
- Renderers: 2× Pixel Processors (66 MHz)
- Texture units: 2 Texture Processors (66 MHz)
- ALU: 4× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz)
- Geometric Performance:
- Raw polygons: 4 million triangles/sec
- Textured polygons: 2.64 million triangles/sec (1.32 million quads/sec), with shading, translucency, anti-aliasing, fog, lighting and Z-buffering
- 3D-RAM Fillrate:
- Framebuffers: 528 million pixels/sec (write), 2.112 billion pixels/sec (erase)
- Polygons: 300 million pixels/sec (3 million triangles/sec), 200 million pixels/sec (4 million triangles/sec)
- Renderer Fillrate: 356 million pixels/sec (framebuffers), 132 million pixels/sec (polygons)
- Texture Fillrate: 132 million texels/sec
Bandwidth
Step 2.0 Specifications
The Sega Model 3 Step 2.0, released in 1997, was a substantial upgrade, with a higher CPU clock rate, significantly faster 3D engine (with an increased number of graphics chips), and more memory: [4]
- Board Composition: CPU + VIDEO + ROM boards
- CPU: IBM-Motorola PowerPC 603ev @ 166 MHz (498 MIPS,[9] 332 MFLOPS)
Graphics
- Video Board: Sega 837-12716 MODEL3 STEP2
- GPU: 6× Sega 315-6060 (Real3D Pro‑1000) @ 50 MHz [15][16]
- ALU: 15× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz, 2-3 ALU per GPU) [17]
- Render output units: 48× 8-bit ROP/blend units (33 MHz), 24× 32-bit Z‑compare units (33 MHz)
- Performance: 1.584 billion operations/sec, 21 million vectors/sec, 12 million tiles/sec [21]
- Geometrizers: 6× Geometry Engine ASIC (50 MHz, 6× 32-bit floating-point units)
- Lighting: 12 light spots, 12 spot lights
- Renderers: 6× Pixel Processors (50 MHz)
- Texture units: 6× Texture Processors (50 MHz)
- Other features: 6 DMA devices, 6 tile generators, 6 Fragment Processors
- ALU: 15× Mitsubishi 3D‑RAM (33 MHz, 2-3 ALU per GPU) [17]
- Geometric Performance:
- Raw polygons: 12 million triangles/sec
- Textured polygons: 6 million triangles/sec (3 million quads/sec), with shading, translucency, anti-aliasing, fog, lighting and Z-buffering
- 3D-RAM Fillrate:
- Framebuffers: 1.584 billion pixels/sec (write), 6.336 billion pixels/sec (erase)
- Polygons: 900 million pixels/sec (9 million triangles/sec), 600 million pixels/sec (12 million triangles/sec)
- Renderer Fillrate: 810 million pixels/sec (framebuffers), 300 million pixels/sec (polygons)
- Texture Fillrate: 300 million texels/sec
- Texture RAM: 21 MB (42× 512 KB) on-board Mitsubishi CDRAM (33 MHz)
Memory
Bandwidth
- RAM Bandwidth: 9.5 GB/sec
- ROM Bandwidth: 1.4 GB/sec
Step 2.1 Specifications
The Sega Model 3 Step 2.1, released in 1998, is largely identical to Step 2.0, but with the following update: [4]
- Board Composition: CPU + VIDEO + ROM boards
- Video Board: Step 2.1: Sega 837-13368 MODEL3 STEP2.1
Hardware Images
Main Board
Main Board 2
Sound board
Complete Board
![[11]](#cite_note-http:.2F.2Ffarm6.staticflickr.com.2F5471.2F12172411045_18bfc5912f_c.jpg-11){kind=link}
List of Games
Step 1.0
- Boat Race GP (1996)
- Virtua Fighter 3 (1996)
- Virtua Fighter 3tb (1997)
- Sega Bass Fishing/Get Bass (1998)
Step 1.5
- Scud Race / Super GT (1996)
- Le Mans 24 (1997)
- Scud Race Plus (1997)
- The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
- The Lost World: Jurassic Park Special (1997)
- Virtua Striker 2 (1997)
- Virtua Striker 2 Version '98 (1998)
Step 2.0
- Harley Davidson & L.A. Riders (1997)
- Fighting Vipers 2 (1998)
- Sega Rally 2 (1998)
- Ski Champ (1998)
- Virtua Striker 2 (1997)
- Virtua Striker 2 Version '98 (1998)
- Virtua Striker 2 Version '99 (1999)
- Virtua Striker 2 Version '99.1 (1999)
- Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram (1998)
Step 2.1
- Daytona USA 2 (1998)
- Daytona USA 2: Power Edition (1998)
- Dirt Devils (1998)
- L.A. Machineguns (1998)
- Spike Out (1998)
- Star Wars Trilogy Arcade (1998)
- The Ocean Hunter (1998)
- Emergency Call Ambulance (1999)
- Magical Truck Adventure (1999)
- Spikeout: Final Edition (1999)
- Virtua Striker 2 '99 (1999)
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