SG-1000

From Sega Retro

SG-1000 logo.svg
Sg1000.jpg
SG-1000
Manufacturer: Sega
Variants: SG-1000 II, Othello Multivision, SC-3000, Pioneer TV Video Game Pack SD-G5, SG-1000-based arcade hardware
Release Date RRP Code
SG-1000
JP 		¥15,00015,000[1] SG-1000
SG-1000
NZ
SG-1000
TW

The SG-1000 (Sega Game 1000), known in New Zealand as the Sega 1000, is a home video game console produced by Sega. It stands as Sega's first dedicated gaming system aimed at home consumers, and is a cost-reduced counterpart to its SC-3000 computer, released on the same day on 15 July 1983.

The SG-1000 was only sold in select markets in Asia and Oceania, with an estimated 2 million units sold worldwide[2]. While the console fared better than many of its rivals, its main market in Japan would be dominated by Nintendo's Famicom system. It was successful enough, however, to convince Sega to continue to develop video games for the home, something it continues to do to this day.

Sega would refine the design with the release of the SG-1000 II the following year, and would release its first substantial upgrade, the Sega Mark III (released worldwide as the Sega Master System) in 1985.

Hardware

The SG-1000 is a top-loading cartridge based video game console with a white and grey plastic finish. Compared to many other systems from around this era the SG-1000 sports a relatively simplistic design - a power switch, RF output and expansion port on the back, and a red pause button at the front.

The first controller (a SJ-200) is hard-wired into the unit and cannot be easily removed; however, a second controller can be connected through a DE-9 port on the right-hand side of the unit. Sega later released an adapter cable (known as the JC-100) that allowed for the use of standard detachable controllers and replaced the hard-wired joystick.

Internally, the SG-1000 has largely identical hardware to the ColecoVision, but with the SG-1000 having a faster VRAM chip (by Fujitsu). The similarities explain why the Telegames Personal Arcade is compatible with both the ColecoVision and SG-1000, and how in recent years a number of SG-1000 games have been unofficially ported to the ColecoVision (such as Doki Doki Penguin Land and Girl's Garden).

Its computer counterpart, the SC-3000, is identical in hardware, but with the SC-3000 having more program RAM. It was roughly on par with the original MSX standard, which was largely identical in hardware, but with more program RAM than both the SG-1000 and SC-3000. In Taiwan and South Korea, several MSX games have been ported to the SG-1000.

The SG-1000 is a much flatter console than people expect - its odd shape and aesthetics give the impression that it is a taller system than it actually is.

Controls were an issue for the SG-1000 - the SJ-200 is often criticised for being stiff and unresponsive, and should it break, there is no easy way to replace it. All future consoles by Sega would allow both controllers to be removed.

The SK-1100 keyboard is designed to be plugged into the back of the SG-1000, bringing the unit closer to the offerings of the SC-3000.

The SG-1000 and SC-3000 were roughly on-par with the original MSX standard, and comparable to the Commodore 64 (see SC-3000 hardware comparison). However, they were not as powerful as rival Nintendo's Famicom/NES.

Models

Main article: SG-1000 consoles.

Black stripe model

Early models in Japan had black labels and a slightly different logo (sometimes referred to as the "German Model" due to similarities with the German flag), but these are a considerably rarer sighting.

  • Front

  • Back

  • Base

Blue stripe model

Unlike the early "German Model", the second, and most commonly found, model features a blue label rather than black.

  • Box and hardware

  • Has a protruding second controller port

Sega 1000

The model released in New Zealand, was renamed to "Sega 1000" and resembles the second Japanese model, with a blue stripe and the addition of Grandstand's name.

  • Front

  • Right-hand side

  • Base

  • Box front

  • Box left

  • Box right

  • Hardware

  • Hardware zoom

  • Manual outer

  • Manual inner

Technical specifications

See also SC-3000 specifications

CPU

Graphics

  • Clock rate: 10.738635 MHz[3]
  • Pixel clock rate: 5.3693175 MHz (NTSC), 5.3203424 MHz (PAL)
  • Bus width: 8-bit
  • Color subcarrier frequency: 3.579545 MHz (NTSC),[5] 3.546893 MHz (PAL)
  • Overscan resolution: 342x262 (NTSC), 342x313 (PAL)
  • Refresh rate: 59.922743 Hz (NTSC), 49.701459 Hz (PAL)
  • Frame rate: 59.922743 FPS (NTSC), 49.701459 FPS (PAL)
  • Color palette: 16 colors (15 colors + transparent),[7][6] all on screen
  • Programmable limit: 105 color palette (all on screen) possible with static image[8]
  • Sprites: 2 colors per sprite, 8-32 bytes per sprite[6]
  • Sprites on screen: 32 sprites on screen, 64 sprites with programming tricks,[9][10] 64-256 sprite tiles on screen
  • Hardware sprites per scanline: 4 sprites per scanline, 20 sprites per 21 scanlines[11]
  • Flickering sprites per scanline: 9 sprites per scanline[12]
  • Sprite pixel sizes: 8×8 or 16×16 pixels (32-64 sprite pixels per scanline)
  • Integer sprite zooming: Up to 32×32 pixels, sprites can be programmed to reduce size (saving scanline bandwidth)[11]
  • Background: Tilemap playfield, 8×8 tiles, 2 colors per tile, 8 bytes per tile[6]
  • Software scrolling: Coarse 8-pixel scrolling,[13] smooth per-pixel scrolling[14]
  • Sprite attribute table: 128 bytes (4 bytes per sprite)
  • Sprite tiles: 2 KB (64-256 tiles, 8-32 bytes per tile)
  • Background tiles: 6 KB (768 tiles, 32×24 tiles, 256×192 pixels, 8 bytes per tile)
  • VDP display modes:[16]
  • Modes 1–2: 256x192 resolution, tilemap, 2 colors per tile, 8 bytes per tile
  • Mode 3: 64×48 resolution, bitmap, 16 colors per pixel, 4-bit per pixel
  • VRAM bandwidth:
  • VDP read bandwidth: 6.896551 MB/s
  • Z80 write bandwidth: Byte per 12 cycles,[17] 298.295 KB/s (NTSC), 295.574 KB/s (PAL)
  • Z80 write during active display: 174.794 KB/s (NTSC), 181.112 KB/s (PAL)[18]
  • Read fillrate: 5.3693175 MPixels/s (NTSC), 5.3203424 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 1-2 write fillrate: 1-bit per pixel, 2.386363 MPixels/s (NTSC), 2.364595 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 1-2 write during active display: 1.398352 MPixels/s (NTSC), 1.448896 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 3 write fillrate: 4-bit per pixel, 596,590 pixels/s (NTSC), 591,148 pixels/s (PAL)
  • Mode 3 write during active display: 349,588 pixels/s (NTSC), 362,224 pixels/s (PAL)
  • Tile fillrate: 8 bytes per tile
  • Read fillrate: 83,895 tiles/sec (NTSC), 83,130 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Write fillrate: 37,286 tiles/sec (NTSC), 36,946 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Write during active display: 21,849 tiles/sec (NTSC), 22,639 tiles/sec (PAL)

Sound

  • Clock rate: 3.579545 MHz[3]
  • 4 channel mono sound[19]

Memory

  • SRAM bandwidth: 3.579545 MB/s (NTSC, 279 ns), 3.546893 MB/s (PAL, 281 ns), 8-bit bus[17]
  • VRAM bandwidth: 6.896551 MB/s (145 ns), 8-bit bus[23]
  • ROM bandwidth: 3.579545 MB/s (NTSC, 279 ns), 3.546893 MB/s (PAL, 281 ns), 8-bit bus[17]

History

While the company had dabbled in other ventures over the years, by the late 1970s Sega was widely known as an amusement arcade game manufacturer, with factories in both Japan and the West coast of the United States. It had been at the forefront of the industry for 15 years, and was one of the major players in the market, so as that market began taking an interest in the concept of home video games, it was natural that Sega would join in.

In the US, multiple consoles and computers flooded the market in the early 1980s, but it was the ColecoVision that Sega took notice of. Sega had the games and Japanese distribution channels, while Coleco had a cutting-edge console, so in early 1982 a deal was struck in which Sega would distribute the ColecoVision in Japan, in return for Sega's games being released on the platform[24].

Part of the deal was upheld - games arrived on the ColecoVision (and titles like Subroc were exclusive to the system), but other systems received their fair share of titles and cruically, the ColecoVision was not released in Japan. Instead, Sega crafted a very similar console (and a computer counterpart) for the Japanese market - the SG-1000, and put it on sale July 1983 for ¥15,000.

The true story behind the SG-1000's development is not known. Sega is rumoured to have been test marketing the SG-1000 as early as 1981 (being kept in stasis while kinks were ironed out in certain SC-3000 utility software), but with the ColecoVision and SG-1000 sharing similar technology, it is more than likely that Sega borrowed some ideas from Coleco and packaged it as something more Japanese-friendly. How interested Coleco were in the Japanese market might have also been a factor - in the US, the market crashed in 1983, and Coleco found itself with money maker with its Cabbage Patch Kids line of dolls.

The SG-1000 was held back from the start due to sharing the same release date as the Nintendo Famicom. Despite having more powerful hardware, the Famicom retailed for ¥200 less than the SG-1000. Through better third-party relationships and a more varied selection of technically superior titles, the Famicom quickly dominated the Japanese market, leaving Sega's attempts behind.

But while always in the shadow of Nintendo, the SG-1000 also saw competition in the form of the likes of Epoch, Tomy, Takara, Bandai, Casio and Nichibutsu, all of which were wiped off the market by the Famicom's success. The SG-1000 fared much better than all of these systems, mostly due to a library of Sega-exclusive arcade games brought to the system and stronger distribution channels. Furthermore, its computer counterpart, the SC-3000, contained all the features of the SG-1000 and more, likely making a considerable dent in SG-1000 sales.

Sega's advertising saw Japanese actess Yuko Saito advertise the product.

Despite having some initial support from the likes of Konami, the console was largely abandoned by 1985, though staggered on to the late date of 1987 with The Black Onyx as the last official Japanese release.

The only known release outside of Japan for the original SG-1000 model was New Zealand where it was distributed and badged by Grandstand Leisure. Neither the console or any of its official variants ever reached North America, however the SG-1000 compatible Dina 2 in one was released in the US by Telegames. The SC-3000 was released in Australia (John Sands), New Zealand (Grandstand Leisure), France (ITMC), Italy (Melchioni), and Finland (Digital Systems). As a result, the SG-1000 likely stands as Sega's worst performing video game console on record in terms of units sold, but Sega likely still profited from the venture.

In July 1984, Sega released an updated version of the console called the SG-1000 II, which moved the rear expansion port to the front of the system (used for the SK-1100 keyboard) and updated the controllers with an appearance similar to that of the Famicom. Outside of Japan the SG-1000 II is only known to have made it to Taiwan where it was distributed and badged by Aaronix.

Sega were very experimental during the early days, licensing game manufacturer Tsukuda Original with the rights to produce the Othello Multivision, an SG-1000 clone. An early plan of action seems to have been to create a computer game standard, allowing companies to focus more on games than on hardware - something which later be realised in Japan with the MSX, at the expense of the SG-1000.

Bit Corp produced the Dina 2 in one SG-1000 clone, likely without a license, which also had the ability to run ColecoVision games. In North America this was distributed by Telegames as the Telegames Personal Arcade. The SG-1000 was also released in "module" form as the Pioneer TV Video Game Pack SD-G5.

Ultimately all SG-1000/SC-3000 variations failed to capture the market share Sega had been aiming for, leading to the creation of the Sega Mark III, another revision of the hardware in Japan with improved video hardware and an increased amount of RAM. This would later be the basis of the Sega Master System, and both the Japanese Mark III and Master System are backwards compatible with the SG-1000. Many unlicensed Master System games run in the mode intended for SG-1000 compatibility, and are therefore, in a sense, SG-1000 games.

Games

List of games

Main article: List of SG-1000 games.

SG-1000

Othello Multivision

Cancelled titles

Production credits

Source:
Developer mentions[25][26]


Magazine articles

Main article: SG-1000/Magazine articles.

Promotional material

Artwork

  • SG-1000 logo (Black stripe model)

  • SG-1000 logo (Blue stripe model)

References

  1. ↑ http://sega.jp/fb/segahard/sg1000 (Wayback Machine: 2013-03-03 00:50)
  2. ↑ Co-opetition (Page 238)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 MAME's SG-1000 driver
  4. ↑ Obsolete Microprocessors
  5. ↑ File:SC-3000ServiceManual.pdf, page 16
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Sega Game 1000 (SG-1000) Information (Draft)
  7. ↑ TMS9918
  8. ↑ TMS9918 test (AtariAge)
  9. ↑ MSXdev'14 - Uridium announced (MSX Research Center)
  10. ↑ 64 sprites on screen (MSX Research Center)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 New sprite record (MSX Research Center)
  12. ↑ Coleco graphics capacity (AtariAge)
  13. ↑ A guide to scrolling game engines on MSX
  14. ↑ MSX1 Games with smooth scroll (MSX Resource Center)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 File:MB8118 datasheet.pdf
  16. ↑ Sega Master System VDP documentation (2002-11-12)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 File:SC-3000ServiceManual.pdf, page 12
  18. ↑ Bytes written to VRAM per frame
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 SN76489
  20. ↑ SG-1000 (Sega)
  21. ↑ File:SC-3000ServiceManual.pdf, page 15
  22. ↑ Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA: Enhanced Edition, page 17
  23. ↑ File:MB8118 datasheet.pdf, page 3
  24. ↑ Cash Box, "April 3, 1982" (US; 1982-04-03), page 62
  25. ↑ File:Sega_Consumer_History_JP_EnterBrain_Book.pdf, page 23
  26. ↑ https://www.4gamer.net/games/999/G999905/20210126043/ (Wayback Machine: 2021-02-05 15:00)
Sega SG-1000 Hardware
 SG-1000 Variations   SG-1000 | SG-1000 II | SC-3000 | SC-5000 | Othello Multivision | Pasocom Gakushuudzukue | SD-G5 | Arcade
Add-ons   Super Control Station SF-7000 | 4 Color Plotter Printer | Data Recorder SR-1000 | Sega Keyboard
Game Controllers   Joystick (SJ-200) | Joystick (SJ-300) | Joypad (SJ-150) | SJ-151 | Handle Controller | Bike Handle | Sega Graphic Board | Pasoko-1000
Misc. Hardware   Card Catcher | Extension Cable Kit (JC-100) | SD-80 | Sega Compact Floppy Disk
Unlicensed Clones   Dina 2 in one | Fullwis Video Game FR-II‎
Sega Home Video Game Systems
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
SG-1000 SG-1000 II Mega Drive Mega Drive II
SC-3000 Mega-CD Mega-CD II Genesis 3
Sega Mark III 32X Dreamcast
Master System Master System II
AI Computer Game Gear
Saturn
Pico Beena
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