Difference between revisions of "Sega Saturn"

From Sega Retro
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** Colors on screen: 32,768 colors (15-bit RGB) to 1,048,576 colors (15-bit RGB, 32 transparency levels){{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}}
 
** Colors on screen: 32,768 colors (15-bit RGB) to 1,048,576 colors (15-bit RGB, 32 transparency levels){{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}}
 
** Colors per [[pixel]]: 32,768 colors (16bpp, 15-bit RGB), 256 colors (8bpp, 8-bit palette)
 
** Colors per [[pixel]]: 32,768 colors (16bpp, 15-bit RGB), 256 colors (8bpp, 8-bit palette)
−
* Features: [[wikipedia:Alpha blending|Alpha blending]], [[wikipedia:Clipping (computer graphics)|clipping]], luminance,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp1.cpp STV VDP1 (MAME)]}} shadows,{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=135}} transparency{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=34}} (32 levels),{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}} per-pixel transparency, flat shading, Gouraud shading,{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=110}} [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|edge anti‑aliasing]]{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=24}}
+
* Features: [[wikipedia:Alpha blending|Alpha blending]], [[wikipedia:Clipping (computer graphics)|clipping]], luminance,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp1.cpp STV VDP1 (MAME)]}} shadows,{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=135}} transparency{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=34}} (32 levels of transparency using VDP2),{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}} per-pixel transparency, flat shading, Gouraud shading,{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=110}} [[wikipedia:Spatial anti-aliasing|edge anti‑aliasing]]{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=24}}
 
* [[wikipedia:Framebuffer|Framebuffer]] capabilities: Double buffering, dual 256 KB framebuffers, rotation & scaling,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp1.cpp STV VDP1 (MAME)]}} VDP1 framebuffer can be rotated as bitmap layer by VDP2{{fileref|ST-058-R2-060194.pdf|page=177}}
 
* [[wikipedia:Framebuffer|Framebuffer]] capabilities: Double buffering, dual 256 KB framebuffers, rotation & scaling,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp1.cpp STV VDP1 (MAME)]}} VDP1 framebuffer can be rotated as bitmap layer by VDP2{{fileref|ST-058-R2-060194.pdf|page=177}}
 
** Framebuffer [[resolution]]: 512×256, 512×512, 1024×256{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=149}}
 
** Framebuffer [[resolution]]: 512×256, 512×512, 1024×256{{fileref|ST-013-R3-061694.pdf|page=149}}
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** Versions: Sega 315‑5890 ([[Yamaha]]) Video Display Processor 2 (VDP2),{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/saturn.cpp Sega Saturn (MAME)]}} Yamaha 315‑5690 VDP2{{fileref|Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf}}
 
** Versions: Sega 315‑5890 ([[Yamaha]]) Video Display Processor 2 (VDP2),{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/mame/drivers/saturn.cpp Sega Saturn (MAME)]}} Yamaha 315‑5690 VDP2{{fileref|Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf}}
 
** Adjustable video clock rate: 28.6364 MHz (NTSC), 28.4375 MHz (PAL)
 
** Adjustable video clock rate: 28.6364 MHz (NTSC), 28.4375 MHz (PAL)
−
* Features: Transparency (32 levels),{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}} shadowing, 2 windows for special calculations,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp2.cpp STV VDP2 (MAME)]}} matrix calculations{{fileref|ST-058-R2-060194.pdf|page=163}}
+
* Features: Transparency (32 levels of transparency, can also be applied to VDP1 polygons/sprites),{{fileref|ST-TECH.pdf|page=147}} shadowing, 2 windows for special calculations,{{ref|[https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/master/src/devices/video/stvvdp2.cpp STV VDP2 (MAME)]}} matrix calculations{{fileref|ST-058-R2-060194.pdf|page=163}}
 
** 3D infinite planes: Can be manipulated as polygon objects,{{fileref|TUTORIAL.pdf|page=223}} used for grounds, walls, ceilings, seas, skies, etc.
 
** 3D infinite planes: Can be manipulated as polygon objects,{{fileref|TUTORIAL.pdf|page=223}} used for grounds, walls, ceilings, seas, skies, etc.
 
** Visual effects: Water, fire, fog, heat haze, misting, reflective water surfaces{{fileref|Edge UK 030.pdf|page=99}}
 
** Visual effects: Water, fire, fog, heat haze, misting, reflective water surfaces{{fileref|Edge UK 030.pdf|page=99}}

Revision as of 10:14, 22 October 2016

Saturn.jpg
Sega Saturn
Manufacturer: Sega
Variants: Sega Titan Video
Add-ons: Backup Memory, PriFun, Video CD Card, Extended RAM Cartridge, ROM Cartridge
Release Date RRP Code
Sega Saturn
JP 		¥80,80080,800
Sega Saturn
US 		$399.99399.99[1]
Sega Saturn
EU
Sega Saturn
DE 		DM 699699[4]
Sega Saturn
ES 		79,900Ptas79,900[6]
Sega Saturn
FR 		3,390F3,390[3]
Sega Saturn
AU
Sega Saturn
BR 		R$800.00800.00
Sega Saturn
KR 		₩550,000550,000 SPC-ST
Sega Saturn
AS

The Sega Saturn (セガサターン), is a video game console manufactured by Sega and was the successor to the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis (as opposed to add-ons such as the Sega 32X and Mega-CD). Initially released in 1994, the Saturn was a 32-bit compact disc-based system, and was a key player in what is now widely known as the fifth generation of video game consoles. The Saturn was first released on November 22, 1994 in Japan, May 11, 1995 in North America, and July 8, 1995 in Europe.

Depending on where you live, the Saturn could be described as either Sega's most successful console of all time (Japan) or one of their biggest commercial failures (North America). Despite being powerful for its time, its complex hardware and inability to meet rapidly evolving consumer expectations and demands put it in a distant third place in the Western world, but a combination of 2D sprite games, 3D arcade ports and strong marketing campaigns made the Saturn the most successful Sega console in Japan. Estimates for the total number of Saturns sold worldwide range from 10 million to 17 million.

The Saturn's main competitors were Sony's PlayStation released just a week after the Saturn in Japan, and the Nintendo 64 from September 1996. Its arcade counterpart was the Sega Titan Video (ST-V) system. It was replaced by the Sega Dreamcast in late 1998.

Hardware

The Sega Saturn is the successor to the Mega Drive, though as a video game system it is almost entirely different. It is a "32-bit" console, marketed in such a way that it appeared to be an evolution of the "16-bit" era of video gaming dominated by the Mega Drive and Super NES (which in turn succeeded the "8-bit" Master System and NES, respectively).

This description, however, was initially fabricated - Sega of Japan originally claimed the Saturn was a "64-bit" console[7] and some within Sega even chose to call it an "128-bit" machine,[8] a number arrived at by cumulating processors rather than simply picking the main CPU. Alternatively some areas of Sega simply went down the "multi-processor" route, refusing to get drawn into the perceived differences between 32-bit and 64-bit.[9] This was incidentally the last video game generation where these so-called "bit wars" were considered to matter.

The system uses CD-ROMs as its primary choice of media. Though it contains a cartridge slot, this is not used for games, but rather backup memory or RAM cartridges. The former was to extend the space for save games beyond that of the Saturn's internal memory, while the latter was used to augment the Saturn's limited memory and to avoid long CD load times.

The Saturn has two controller ports, and the standard Saturn controller builds on that seen in the six button Sega Mega Drive controller. It adds two shoulder buttons, first seen on the Super NES controller, bringing the amount of buttons up to nine. The 3D Control Pad, released later with NiGHTS into Dreams, would supply the console with an analogue stick and analogue shoulder buttons, the latter later being used in the Sega Dreamcast before being adopted by Nintendo and Microsoft for their GameCube and Xbox consoles, respectively.

The Sega Saturn hardware combined features from several Sega arcade systems. It has a multi-processor system, like arcade machines. Its geometry engine consists of three DSP math processors, two inside both Hitachi SH-2 CPU and one inside the SCU, which were all intended to be programmed in parallel using complex assembly language, similar to how Sega programmed 3D arcade games at the time.

The VDP1 was based on the Sega Model series, with a quad polygon engine based on the Model 1, along with the Model 2's texture mapping capability. The VDP1 is capable of drawing more polygons than the Model 1, but less than the Model 2. The Saturn was also influenced by the Sega Model 1's use of a separate graphics processor for the 2D backgrounds (based on the Sega System 24).

The Saturn's VDP2 was based on Sega System 32 technology (an evolution of Super Scaler technology), used for both 2D backgrounds and 3D planes; the latter can be manipulated as polygon objects. The VDP2's tiled infinite plane engine uses tilemap compression and a form of scanline/tiled rendering to draw large, detailed, 3D textured infinite planes (for things such as grounds, seas, walls, ceilings, skies, etc.), with perspective correction and a virtually unlimited draw distance (and capable of effects such as transparency, parallax scrolling, reflective water surfaces, fire, fog, and heat haze), at a very high effective fillrate for its time.

The VDP2 draws 3D infinite planes as large as 4096×4096 pixels at 30 FPS, equivalent to a fillrate of over 500 MPixels/s, significantly larger than what any console or PC hardware were capable of with polygons at the time. It requires 1 million texture-mapped polygons/sec, with 500 pixels per polygon, to draw a textured 4096×4096 infinite plane at 30 FPS; the Dreamcast was the first home system capable of doing this with polygons, as it was the first home system that exceeded 500 MPixels/s polygon fillrate (using tiled rendering).

The Saturn was known for its difficult 3D development environment (especially for third-party developers), including its complex parallel processing hardware architecture, requiring familiarity with assembly language, lack of an operating system, and initial lack of C language support, useful development tools and graphics software libraries. Sega provided DTS support for these features in late 1995. However, the C language development tools were not very well optimized for Saturn hardware, only tapping into a fraction of the Saturn's power, compared to assembly language which could tap into most of the Saturn's power.

Only a handful of developers were able to squeeze most of the power out of the second SH-2 CPU, and even fewer utilized the SCU DSP, as its assembly code was more complex than the SH-2. Assembly language was often used by Japanese and British developers, but rarely used by American developers who preferred C language.[10] The VDP1 rendered quadrilateral polygons, which, despite being used by the most powerful gaming system at the time (Sega Model 2 arcade system), did not become industry standard for 3D graphics, compared to the more widely used triangle polygons.

The VDP2's tiled infinite plane engine, which could draw large 3D infinite planes with a much higher draw distance, texture details and effective fillrate than polygons at the time, was unfamiliar to most developers who relied on polygons to construct 3D planes. Sega's first-party 3D games often utilized both CPU, the DSP, and/or both VDP, but the hardware's complexity and difficult 3D development environment led to most third-party developers only utilizing a single CPU and the VDP1, just a portion of the Saturn's power, for 3D games. While the VDP2 was under-utilized for 3D games, it was frequently used for 2D games, where the VDP1 draws sprites and the VDP2 draws scrolling backgrounds.

In comparison to the rival PlayStation, the Saturn is more powerful overall,[10][11] but more difficult to get to grips with.[11] The Saturn has more raw computational power and faster pixel drawing; the PS1 can only draw pixels through its polygon engine, whereas the Saturn can draw pixels directly with its processors, giving it more programming flexibility.[12]

When both SH-2 and the SCU DSP are used in parallel, the Saturn is capable of 160 MIPS and 85 million fixed-point operations/sec, faster than the PS1's GTE (66 MIPS); when programmed effectively, the Saturn's parallel geometry engine can calculate more 3D polygon geometry than the PS1. The's VDP1 has a fillrate of 28.6364 MPixels/s in render/write and 57 MPixels/s in erase/write, compared to the PS1's GPU which has a fillrate of 30 MPixels/s in 15-bit RGB and 15 MPixels/s in 24-bit RGB. The fillrate for 8×8 textures is 18.205 MTexels/s for the VDP1 and 15.28 MTexels/s for the PS1's GPU (4000 8×8 sprites).[13][14]

The VDP2 has a significantly higher effective tile fillrate of 500 MPixels/s; if the VDP2 is used for drawing textured infinite planes, this frees up the VDP1's polygons for other 3D assets, whereas the PS1 needs to draw many polygons to construct 3D textured planes (with very limited draw distance compared to the VDP2). The PS1 has more effective polygon transparency than the VDP1, while the VDP2 has more effective transparency than the PS1. The VDP1's quad polygons are drawn with edge anti‑aliasing (for smoother edges) and forward texture mapping (with limited perspective correction), while the VDP2's infinite planes are drawn with true perspective correction, whereas the PS1's triangle polygons have aliased edges and are drawn with affine texture mapping which lacks perspective correction (resulting in perspective distortion and texture warping).

The PS1's straightforward hardware architecture, triangle polygons, and more effective development tools and C language support, made it easier for developers to program 3D graphics. When it came to 2D graphics, on the other hand, the Saturn's combination of a VDP1 sprite framebuffer and VDP2 parallax scrolling backgrounds made it both more powerful and straightforward to program 2D graphics, compared to the PS1 which draws all 2D graphics to a single framebuffer.

The Saturn's VDP1 was the basis for Nvidia's first graphics processor, the NV1, which was one of the first 3D graphics accelerators on PC, released in 1995. Like the Saturn, it uses quad polygons and supports forward texture mapping with limited perspective correction, and several Saturn ports are available for it. However, the NV1 has a fillrate of 12.5 MPixels/s and a rendering performance of 50,000 polygons/sec, less than the VDP1's 28–57 MPixels/s fillrate and 500,000–700,000 polygons/sec rendering throughput. In comparison, the most powerful PC graphics card of 1995, Yamaha's Tasmania 3D, which was based on triangle polygons, had a 25 MPixels/s fillrate and 300,000 polygons/sec rendering throughput, more than the NV1, but less than the Saturn and PlayStation.

Models

Main article: Sega Saturn consoles.

There are a variety of Sega Saturn models of different shapes and colours, as well as novelty units, such as the Game & Car Navi HiSaturn. Differences between systems are not as drastic as seen with the Sega Mega Drive - the same basic feature set and component designs were used throughout the console's lifespan in all regions.

HST-3200/HST-3210

First seen on launch day in Japan (1994-11-22), the HST-3200 (later revised and released as the HST-3210, although the differences aside from a BIOS update are not fully understood), commonly referred to as the "grey Saturn" (although during development it had a metallic finish), was the basis for all Sega Saturns released between the Japanese launch and early 1996. These Saturns use blue "oval" buttons, mounted to black plastic at the front of the unit, and have both "power" and "access" LEDs similar to the Sega Mega-CD.

The Saturn saw variants produced by Hitachi and Victor as the HiSaturn and V-Saturn respectively, though aside from altered BIOSes and aesthetics (and bundles/pricing) these do not deviate much from the Sega designs. Novelty value sees these models worth slightly more in pre-owned markets - fewer were produced than the Sega models, but compatibility rates are much the same.

Overseas versions are physically identical (save for region encoding), but use black plastic throughout.

  • Japanese model

  • Japanese V-Saturn model

  • Japanese HiSaturn model

  • Overseas model

  • Korean model

HST-3220

Released in March 1996, the HST-3220 stands as the only significant change to the Saturn's design, although functionality wise, the only feature omitted is the "access" LED seen in previous models. Reportedly the change in colour scheme was made to appeal to younger and female demographics.[15]

These "white" Saturns likely cost less to produce (they were certainly sold for a lot less in Japan), but from a user perspective the change is largely negligible - the console is roughly the same size and has no problems running any Saturn software. White Saturns opt for grey "circle" power and reset buttons and a pink "open" button for lifting the lid.

It is rumoured, though not proven, that the HST-3220 has a faster disc reading time than its earlier counterparts, meaning quicker loading screens in games.

When brought overseas the console continued to be shipped only in black, although the North American and European models have different coloured buttons. In 1998 Sega started releasing special versions of these consoles with semi-transparent plastic under the "This is cool" brand - only 30,000 units were produced. Again aside from aesthetic differences the consoles are interchangeable.

Some of the Japanese colour designs were also brought to Brazil.

  • Japanese model

  • Japanese V-Saturn model

  • Japanese HiSaturn model

  • North American model

  • European model

  • Japanese "This is Cool" model

BIOS

BIOS Revisions
BIOS Version Machine Download
1.00 Sega Saturn (Japan) 1.00 (Asian Saturn) (info) ("Sega Saturn BIOS (1.00) (J).zip" does not exist)
1.00a Sega Saturn (NA & EU) 1.00a (NA & EU Saturn) (info) ("Sega Saturn BIOS (1.00a) (UE).zip" does not exist)
1.003 Sega Saturn Devkit (Japan) 1.003 (Asian Devkit) (info) ("Sega Saturn BIOS (1.003) (J).zip" does not exist)
1.01 Sega Saturn (Japan), HiSaturn (Japan), V-Saturn (Japan) 1.01 (Asian Saturn) (info) ("Sega Saturn BIOS (1.01) (J).zip" does not exist)
1.01 (Asian HiSaturn) (info) ("HI-Saturn BIOS (1.01) (J).zip" does not exist)
1.01 (Asian V-Saturn) (info) ("V-Saturn BIOS (1.01) (J).zip" does not exist)
1.01a Sega Saturn (NA & EU) 1.01a (NA & EU Saturn) (info) ("Sega Saturn BIOS (1.01a) (UE).zip" does not exist)
1.02 HiSaturn (Japan) 1.02 (JP HiSaturn) (info) ("Bios_Hi-Saturn_1.02_(J).rar" does not exist)
1.03 HiSaturn Navi (Japan) 1.03 (JP HiSaturn Navi) (info) ("Bios_GameNavi_HiSaturn_1.03.rar" does not exist)

Errata

VDP1 transparency rendering quirk causes strips of pixels to be rewritten to framebuffer for 2-point (scaled) and 4-point (quadrangle) "sprites", applying the transparency effect multiple times. Rarely seen in commercial games (e.g. Robotica explosions), later titles implemented software transparency to correctly render transparent polygons (e.g. Dural in Virtua Fighter Kids).

The VDP1 supports per-pixel transparency between different polygons/sprites in the VDP1 framebuffer, or between VDP1 and VDP2 layers, but not both at the same time, with the VDP2's transparency overriding the VDP1's transparency. In addition, the VDP1 takes six times longer to draw transparent pixels than opaque pixels.[16] The VDP2, in comparison, has no issues with transparency, nor does the use of transparency affect the VDP2's performance.

There are several ways to overcome the VDP1's transparency issues. The most common method used by Saturn games is to fake transparency with dithering, using a mesh that gets blended by a television's Composite or S-Video cable. Another method is to use the VDP2's hardware transparency, by using a VDP2 bitmap layer as an additional transparent framebuffer, copying transparent assets from the VDP1 framebuffer to a VDP2 bitmap framebuffer layer (e.g. the transparent polygons in Burning Rangers). Another method is software transparency, programming the CPU with software code.

Technical specifications

Processors

  • Main CPU: 2× Hitachi SH-2 @ 28.6364 MHz[17]
  • System coprocesor: Custom Saturn Control Unit (SCU), with DSP for geometry processing and DMA controller for system control[23][18][24]
    • System control processor: 32‑bit fixed‑point registers/instructions, interrupt controller, DMA controller, 3 DMA channels
    • Math coprocessor: Geometry DSP @ 14.3 MHz, 32‑bit fixed‑point instructions, 6 parallel instructions per cycle,[25] 85.8 MIPS (6 MIPS per MHz)
  • CD‑ROM CPU: Hitachi SH1 32‑bit RISC processor @ 20 MHz (20 MIPS)[17] (controlling the CD‑ROM)
    • Contains internal DAC and internal math processor[18]
    • Bus width: 32‑bit internal, 16‑bit external[23]
  • Microcontroller: Hitachi HD404920[26] (4‑bit MCU) "System Manager & Peripheral Control" (SMPC) @ 4 MHz[18]
    • RTC: 1 MHz[23] (real‑time clock)
    • Instruction set: 4‑bit instructions, 890 ns per instruction,[27] 1.123595 MIPS
    • Bus width: 10‑bit internal, 8‑bit external[18]

Audio

  • Sound processor: Yamaha SCSP (Saturn Custom Sound Processor) YMF292[28]
    • Sound DSP: Yamaha FH1 DSP (Digital Signal Processor) @ 22.6 MHz[23] (24‑bit, 128‑step,[29] 4 parallel instructions)
    • Bus width: 24‑bit internal, 16‑bit external[18]
  • Sound CPU: Motorola 68EC000 (16/32‑bit CISC) sound processor @ 11.3 MHz[23] (1.9775 MIPS[30])
    • Bus width: 16‑bit internal, 16‑bit external

Video

  • Sega/Hitachi VDP1 @ 28.6364 MHz: Handles sprite/texture and polygon drawing[31][26]
    • Bus width: 48‑bit (3x 16‑bit)[18]
    • Word length: 16-bit
  • Sega/Yamaha VDP2 @ 28.6364 MHz: Backgrounds, scrolling, Handles background, scroll and 3D rotation planes[32][26]
    • Bus width: 32‑bit[18]
    • Word length: 32-bit
  • Sony CXA1645M RGB‑Composite Video Encoder[26]

Graphics

  • Graphics pipeline:
    • 3 DSP geometry processors: 2× SH-2 DSP, SCU DSP
    • 2 VDP rendering processors: VDP1 for sprites/textures/polygons, VDP2 for planes/backgrounds/textures
  • Refresh rate: 30–60 Hz (NTSC), 25–50 Hz (PAL)[33]
    • Frame rate: 1–60 FPS (NTSC), 1–50 FPS (PAL)
  • Color depth: 16-bit RGB to 32‑bit RGBA (24‑bit color with 8‑bit alpha transparency)[29]
    • Color palette: 16,777,216 (VDP2), 32,768 (VDP1)
    • Colors on screen: 256 to 16,777,216 (VDP2), 256 to 32,768 (VDP1)
    • VDP2 colors per background: 16 colors (4-bit) to 16,777,216 colors (24-bit)[34][35]
    • VDP1 colors per sprite/polygon: 16 colors (4-bit) to 32,768 colors (15-bit)[36][37]
    • CLUT: Virtually unlimited number of CLUTs[38]
  • MPEG Video CD Card: 704×480 resolution, 30 frames/sec, 16‑bit audio with 44.1 kHz sampling,[39] up to 72 minutes on one CD[18]
  • DSP geometry processing: 160.25464 MIPS (74.45464 MIPS SH-2, 85.8 MIPS SCU)
    • Fixed-point operations: 85.9092 MOPS (57.2728 MOPS SH-2, 28.6364 MOPS SCU)
    • Flat shading calculations: 116 T&L ops/poly,[40] 740,596 polys/sec
    • Gouraud shading calculations: 180 T&L ops/poly,[40] 477,273 polys/sec
  • DSP–VDP transmission bus bandwidth: 57.2728 MB/s (16-bit, 28.6364 MHz)[41]
    • Maximum polygon transfer: 740,596 polys/sec (23.699072 MB/s, 32 bytes/poly)[42]

SCU DSP

  • SCU math coprocessor: Geometry DSP @ 14.3182 MHz, 32‑bit fixed‑point instructions[24][43][44]
    • Parallel units: 32/48-bit ALU (arithmetic logic unit), 48/64‑bit Multiplier, 32-bit instruction decoder
  • Buses:[43][45]
    • Internal: 4 parallel buses, 32-bit per bus, 128-bit overall bus width, 3 buses at 14.3182 MHz, 1 bus at 28.6364 MHz
    • External: 32-bit, 28.6364 MHz
  • Cache RAM: 2 KB (1 KB data, 1 KB program)[46]
  • Instructions: 6 parallel instructions/cycle (one instruction per unit/bus),[25] 85.8 MIPS (6 MIPS/MHz)
    • Fixed-point operations: 28.6364 MOPS (million operations/second), 2 MOPS/MHz (2 parallel operations/cycle)
  • Capabilities: Matrix and vector calculations, 3D point transformations, lighting calculations, fixed-point calculations,[44] faster than SH-2,[47] can use DMA to directly fetch and store vertex data, floating-point operations, geometry transformations, voxel rendering acceleration, fast coordinate transformations, lighting computations[48]
  • Notes: Can only be programmed with assembly language, more difficult to program than SH-2[44]

VDP1

  • VDP1 @ 28.6364 MHz: Handles sprite/texture and polygon drawing,[31] color calculation and shading,[18] geometry[38]
    • Versions: Sega 315‑5883 (Hitachi HD64440) Video Display Processor 1 (VDP1),[26] Sega 315‑5689 VDP1[18]
    • Adjustable video clock rate: 28.6364 MHz or 26.8426 MHz (NTSC), 28.4375 MHz or 26.8426 MHz (PAL)
    • Parallel bus structure: 3 parallel data buses (dual framebuffers, polygon/texture/sprite RAM), 48-bit bus width (16-bit per bus),[49] 171.8184 MB/s bandwidth (57.2728 MB/s per bus)
    • Parallel rendering operations: 85.9092 million operations/cycles per sec (28.6364 MHz polygon/texture/sprite RAM, 28.6364 MHz draw/render framebuffer, 28.6364 MHz display/erase framebuffer)[33]
  • Color palette: 32,768 colors (15-bit RGB) to 16,777,216 (24-bit VDP2 CRAM palette, accessible by VDP1)[50]
    • Colors on screen: 32,768 colors (15-bit RGB) to 1,048,576 colors (15-bit RGB, 32 transparency levels)[51]
    • Colors per pixel: 32,768 colors (16bpp, 15-bit RGB), 256 colors (8bpp, 8-bit palette)
  • Features: Alpha blending, clipping, luminance,[37] shadows,[52] transparency[53] (32 levels of transparency using VDP2),[51] per-pixel transparency, flat shading, Gouraud shading,[16] edge anti‑aliasing[54]
  • Framebuffer capabilities: Double buffering, dual 256 KB framebuffers, rotation & scaling,[37] VDP1 framebuffer can be rotated as bitmap layer by VDP2[55]
    • Framebuffer resolution: 512×256, 512×512, 1024×256[56]
    • Overscan resolution: 1708×263 (NTSC), 1820×313 (PAL), 852×525 (31KC), 848×562 (HDTV)[57]
  • Sprite/Texture capabilities: Rotation & scaling, flipping, distortion,[31][37] warping, vertical and horizontal line scrolling, virtually unlimited color lookup tables,[38][58] System 24/32 sprite rendering system[59]
    • Sprite/Texture size: 8×1 to 504×255 texels[60]
    • Colors per sprite/texture in Lo-Res: 16, 64, 128, 256, and 32,768[36]
    • Colors per sprite/texture in Hi-Res: 16, 64, 128, and 256[61]
    • Maximum texels per scanline: 3624 (NTSC),[62] 3640 (PAL)[57]
    • Maximum sprites/textures per scanline: 453 (NTSC), 455 (PAL)
  • Polygon capabilities: Texture mapping,[31] lighting,[63][64] shading, wire‑frame, flat shading, Gouraud shading,[18][64] quad polygons, perspective correct forward texture mapping
  • Sprite/Texture/Polygon RAM: 512 KB[65]
    • Sprite/Polygon size: 32 bytes (flat shading),[42][66] 40 bytes (Gouraud shading),[67] 64–96 bytes (shadows),[16] 72–104 bytes (shadows, Gouraud shading)
    • Texture size: 4 bytes (8×1 texels, 16 colors) to 251.02 KB (504×255 texels, 32,758 colors)[66]
    • Maximum sprites per frame: 16,383 (virtually unlimited),[38] 13,106 (Gouraud shading), 5461–8191 (shadows)
    • Maximum polygons per frame: 16,384 (flat shading), 16,383 (texture mapping), 13,107 (Gouraud shading), 13,106 (texture mapping, Gouraud shading), 8192 (shadows), 8191 (texture mapping, shadows), 7281 (texture mapping, shadows, Gouraud shading)
  • Framebuffer fillrate: 57.2728 MPixels/s (28.6364 MPixels/s per framebuffer)
    • Draw/Render framebuffer: 28.6364 MPixels/s opaque (1 cycle/pixel),[62][68][57] 4.772733 MPixels/s shadowed/translucent (6 cycles/pixel)[16]
    • Display/Erase framebuffer: 28.6364 MPixels/s (15.72864 MPixels/s display,[62] 14.418 MPixels/s erase/write)[69][70]
  • Texture mapping fillrate:[71]
    • Flat shading: 28.574516 MTexels/s (504×255 textures), 18.205923 MTexels/s (8×8 textures)
    • Gouraud shading: 28.519749 MTexels/s (504×255 textures), 10.373941 MTexels/s (8×8 textures)
  • Polygon rendering performance:[42][72]
    • 740,596 polys/sec: Flat shading, 12,343–16,384 polys/scene, 38-pixel polys
    • 500,000 polys/sec: Flat shading,[73][38] 8333–16,384 polys/scene, 57-pixel polys
    • 407,152 polys/sec: Gouraud shading,[74][75][71] 6785–16,384 polys/scene, 32-pixel polys
  • Texture mapping performance:[71][74][75]
    • 461,877 polys/sec: 7697–16,352 polys/scene, 8×4 textures (1–271 KB)
    • 200,000 polys/sec:[73][38] Gouraud shading, 3333–16,352 polys/scene, 8×4 textures (1–381 KB)

VDP2

  • VDP2 @ 28.6364 MHz: Handles background, scroll and 3D rotation planes[32]
    • Versions: Sega 315‑5890 (Yamaha) Video Display Processor 2 (VDP2),[26] Yamaha 315‑5690 VDP2[18]
    • Adjustable video clock rate: 28.6364 MHz (NTSC), 28.4375 MHz (PAL)
  • Features: Transparency (32 levels of transparency, can also be applied to VDP1 polygons/sprites),[51] shadowing, 2 windows for special calculations,[35] matrix calculations[76]
    • 3D infinite planes: Can be manipulated as polygon objects,[77] used for grounds, walls, ceilings, seas, skies, etc.
    • Visual effects: Water, fire, fog, heat haze, misting, reflective water surfaces[10]
  • Planes: 7 layers, 2–6 simultaneous layers (1–4 scrolling 2D backgrounds, 1–2 rotating 3D playfields, 1 back screen)[35][34][78]
    • 2D scrolling backgrounds: Scrolling, parallax scrolling, single-axis 2D rotation[79]
      • NBG0: 16–16,777,216 colors, tilemap (1024×1024 to 2048×2048) or bitmap (512×256 to 1024×512), column/row/line scrolling, scaling
      • NBG1: 16–32,768 colors, tilemap (1024×1024 to 2048×2048) or bitmap (512×256 to 1024×512), column/row/line scrolling, scaling
      • NBG2/NBG3: 16–256 colors, tilemap (1024×1024 to 2048×2048)
    • 3D rotating playfields: Scrolling, scaling, dual-axis 3D rotation,[79] 3D infinite ground planes, perspective correct 3D rotation, can be manipulated as polygon objects[77]
      • RBG0: 16–16,777,216 colors, tilemap (2048×2048 to 4096×4096) or bitmap (512×256 to 512×512)
      • RBG1: 16–16,777,216 colors, tilemap (2048×2048 to 4096×4096)
    • Back screen: 1 plain background,[80] 1 to 240 colors (1 color/scanline)
  • Tilemap capabilities: 8×8 and 16×16 tile sizes,[34] scroll plane up to 8192×8192 pixels,[81] rotating 3D infinite planes up to 4096×4096 pixels each,[78] tile compression, tiled rendering, virtually unlimited draw distance
  • Bitmap capabilities: Bitmap layers can be used as additional framebuffer[82] (with full transparency), displays VDP1 framebuffer as additional bitmap layer, can rotate VDP1 framebuffer[55]
  • Color palette: 16,777,216 colors (24-bit), 32,768 colors (15-bit), 65,536 colors (15-bit with transparency)
    • Colors per plane: 16,777,216 colors (3 planes, Lo-Res), 32,768 colors (4 planes), 16–256 colors (6 planes)[83][84]
  • Bitmap fillrate:[85][86]
    • 2D scrolling planes: 14.21875–114.5456 MPixels/s
      • 16,777,216 colors on screen: 14.3182 MPixels/s (NTSC), 14.21875 MPixels/s (PAL), 2 cycles/pixel
      • 32,768 colors per plane: 28.6364 MPixels/s (NTSC), 28.4375 MPixels/s (PAL), 1 pixel/cycle
      • 256 colors per plane: 57.2728 MPixels/s (NTSC), 56.875 MPixels/s (PAL), 2 pixels/cycle
      • 16 colors per plane: 114.5456 MPixels/s (NTSC), 113.75 MPixels/s (PAL), 4 pixels/cycle
    • 3D rotating playfield: 14.3182 MPixels/s (NTSC), 14.21875 MPixels/s (PAL), 2 cycles/pixel
  • Tilemap fillrate: 2x 128×128 to 512×512 tiles/frame, 1.96608–7.86432 million tiles/sec
    • 2D scrolling planes: 2x 1024×1024 to 2048×2048 pixels/frame, 125.82912–503.31648 MPixels/s (effective fillrate)
    • 3D rotating playfields: 2048×2048 to 4096×4096 pixels/frame, 251.65824–503.31648 MPixels/s (effective fillrate)
      • Effective polygon fillrate: 1 million texture-mapped polygons/sec, 500 texels/polygon

Resolutions

The Saturn supported the following display resolutions:[87]

Progressive

  • 320×224 (Lo‑Res)
  • 320×240 (Lo‑Res)
  • 320×256 (Lo-Res, PAL)
  • 352×224 (Lo‑Res)
  • 352×240 (Lo‑Res)
  • 352×256 (PAL)
  • 640×224
  • 640×240
  • 640×256 (PAL)
  • 704×224
  • 704×240
  • 704×256 (PAL)

Interlaced

  • 320×448
  • 320×512 (PAL)
  • 320×480
  • 352×448
  • 320×480
  • 352×512 (PAL)
  • 640×448 (Hi‑Res)
  • 640×480 (Hi‑Res)
  • 640×512 (Hi‑Res, PAL)
  • 704×448 (Hi‑Res)
  • 704×480 (Hi‑Res)
  • 704×512 (Hi‑Res, PAL)

Sound

  • SCSP:[28]
  • CD‑DA: 1 streaming CD‑DA channel (16‑bit PCM, 44.1 kHz) from CD
  • Stereo audio output

Memory

Configuration

System RAM buses, all connected through the SCU:[23][41][18]

  • System bus (32‑bit, 28.6364 MHz)
    • SH2 (×2), SCU, SMPC <‑> Work RAM (2× SDRAM, 2× FPM DRAM), battery backup SRAM
  • Video sub‑system buses (80-bit, 28.6364 MHz)[31]
    • SCU <-> VDP1, VDP2 (16-bit)
    • VDP1 <‑> Polygon/Texture/Sprite VRAM (SDRAM, 16-bit)
    • VDP1 <‑> Framebuffer 0 VRAM (SDRAM, 16-bit)
    • VDP1 <‑> Framebuffer 1 VRAM (SDRAM, 16-bit)
    • VDP2 <‑> Background VRAM (2× SDRAM, 32-bit)[32]
  • Sound sub‑system bus — SCU, 68EC000, SCSP <‑> Sound RAM (FPM DRAM) (16-bit, 28.6364 MHz)
  • CD‑ROM sub‑system bus — SCU, SH1 <‑> CD‑ROM cache/buffer RAM (FPM DRAM) (16-bit, 28.6364 MHz)

Bandwidth

  • System RAM bandwidth: 480.9096 MB/s (7 buses, 144-bit bus width)
    • System bus RAM: 114.5456 MB/s (32‑bit, 28.6364 MHz)
      • Work RAM: 114.5456 MB/s (114.5456 MB/s SDRAM, 88.888888 MB/s FPM DRAM)
      • Battery backup SRAM: 10 MB/s (8‑bit, 10 MHz)
    • VRAM: 286.364 MB/s (SDRAM, 4 buses, 80-bit bus width, 28.6364 MHz)
      • VDP1: 171.8184 MB/s (114.5456 MB/s framebuffers, 57.2728 MB/s polygons/textures/sprites) (48-bit)
      • VDP2: 114.5456 MB/s (backgrounds) (32-bit)
    • Sound RAM: 40 MB/s (FPM DRAM, 16‑bit, 20 MHz)
    • CD‑ROM cache/buffer: 40 MB/s (FPM DRAM, 16‑bit, 20 MHz)
  • System ROM bandwidth: 20 MB/s (16‑bit, 10 MHz)
  • Internal processor bandwidth:
    • SH2 cache: 229.0912 MB/s (114.5456 MB/s per SH2)
    • SH1 cache: 80 MB/s (32‑bit, 20 MHz)
    • SCU DSP RAM: 286 MB/s (171.6 MB/s for 3 buses, 114.4 MB/s for 1 bus)
    • SMPC: 7 MB/s (2 MB/s RAM, 5 MB/s ROM)
    • 68EC000: 22.6 MB/s (16‑bit, 11.3 MHz)
    • SCSP: 67.8 MB/s (24‑bit, 22.6 MHz)
    • VDP: 286.364 MB/s (171.8184 MB/s VDP1, 114.5456 MB/s VDP2 color RAM)

Storage

Input/Output

Main article: List of Sega Saturn accessories.
  • Two 16‑bit bidirectional parallel I/O ports
  • High-speed serial communications port (Both SH2 SCI channels and SCSP MIDI)
  • Cartridge connector
  • Internal expansion port for video decoder card
  • Composite video/stereo (JP Part No: HSS-0106)
  • NTSC/PAL RF (US Part No.: MK-80116, JP Part No.: HSS-0110)
  • S-Video compatible (JP Part No.: HSS-0105)
  • RGB compatible (JP Part No.: HSS-0109)
  • EDTV compatible (optional)

Peripherals

Main article: List of Sega Saturn accessories.

Power source

  • AC120 volts; 60 Hz (US)
  • AC240 volts; 50 Hz (EU)
  • AC200 volts; 60 Hz (JP)
  • 4 volt lithium battery to power non-volatile RAM and SMPC internal real-time clock
  • Power Consumption: 25 W

Dimensions (US/European model)

  • Width: 260 mm (10.2 in)
  • Length: 230 mm (9.0 in)
  • Height: 89 mm (3.2 in)

History

Main article: History of the Sega Saturn.

Game packaging

Japanese packaging

Japanese Saturn software usually came packaged in standard jewel cases, much like music CDs. They also came with spinecards - three-fold pieces of light cardboard that hug the spine of the jewel case. These are very valuable for collectors who wish to claim a game is "complete". The spinecard also indicates that the CD is for use with a Sega Saturn console - specifically Japanese NTSC systems. There were also jewel case quad CD cases, and a variant of the single case which was slightly thicker and VERY hard to replace.

Most of the time the spinecard will have a gold and black background with the Japanese Saturn logo and lettering printed vertically. Saturn collection games will have red and white spinecard with white lettering, the Saturn Collection logo under that, and the 2,800 yen price featured prominently. Manual is included with the cover seen through the front of the jewel case. The left side of the manual will usually have a bar similar in design to the spinecard. The Japanese SEGA rating, if there is one, will be included on the manual front (usually on one of the corners). There is also the insert on the back which may feature artwork or screenshots from the game. A black bar on the bottom of the insert contains information much like the spinecard, licensing information, et cetera.

The Japanese packaging was adopted in smaller Asian markets such as South Korea and China.

North American packaging

Sega of America adopted very simple packaging in the beginning, the likes of which hadn't been seen since the Sega Master System.

The US used much larger jewel cases identical to the US Sega Mega-CD jewel cases, since many of these were in fact leftover Sega CD jewel cases. The US case has a white spine containing a 30 degree stripe pattern in gray, with white outlined lettering displaying the words "Sega Saturn". Oddly some US packaging seems to have taken a step backwards in terms of aesthetics - with minimal front artwork almost akin to the Sega Master System.

There are many flaws with the US packaging:

  • Their sheer size made them more vulnerable to cracking.
  • The mechanism that keeps the cover closed wears out quickly if the cover is opened and closed too much
  • There is too much empty space inside the case. If the CD ever came off the case's spindle on its own (caused by rough handling of the case), the CD ends up being tossed around the inside of the case, causing either huge amount of scratches on the disc from careful handling of the case or shattering the disc from continued rough handling of the case.

European packaging

European cases come in two variants, both designed and engineered by Sega. One has a strong plastic design similar to the cases used with the Mega Drive and Master System (but taller, thinner and slightly more secure). The other feels far cheaper, being literally two pieces of plastic held together by a cardboard cover. Though the former was more preferred by the consumer, the latter was more common as it was cheaper to produce.

Both European cases has a solid black spine, with white lettering displaying the words "Sega Saturn". The manual slides in the case just like a normal jewel case and there is a back insert with information about the game. Like the American cases they are still too big and can lead to discs moving about and becoming scratched, though this may be to compensate for large multi-language manuals.

Some European boxes were wrapped in a transparent plastic shell after manufacture for extra security.

Brazillian packaging

Brazilian games were packaged in cardboard boxes, with a CD sleeve inside to keep the disc secure.

Emulation

The Saturn is notoriously hard to emulate due to its complex architecture (dual processors, etc.), but three notable emulators do exist:

  • SSF is a highly compatible emulator, which is in continual development by a single developer.
  • GiriGiri was initially based on an abandoned emulator by Sega themselves, and was considered the best until development ceased and SSF overtook it.
  • Yabause is an open-source effort to create a Saturn emulator.

Software that plays files in the Saturn Sound Format, which stores audio ripped from games, does so through emulation of the audio-related code only.

Games

List of games

Main article: List of Saturn games.

Launch titles

Japan

North America

Europe

Brazil

Magazine articles

Main article: Sega Saturn/Magazine articles.

Promotional material

Print advertisements

Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in Sega Visions (US) #24: "May 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
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Print advert in Game Players (US) #0811: "Vol. 8 No. 11 November 1995" (1995-1x-xx)
Logo-pdf.svg
Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in Electronic Gaming Monthly (US) #77: "December 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
Logo-pdf.svg
Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in Next Generation (US) #18: "June 1996" (1996-05-21)
also published in:
Logo-pdf.svg
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Print advert in Player One (FR) #57: "Octobre 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
also published in:
Logo-pdf.svg
Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in CD Consoles (FR) #12: "Décembre 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
Logo-pdf.svg
Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #46: "Julio 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
Logo-pdf.svg
Logo-pdf.svg
Print advert in Hyper (AU) #21: "August 1995" (1995-xx-xx)
also published in:
  • Hyper (AU) #20: "July 1995" (1995-xx-xx)[96]
Logo-pdf.svg

Pamphlets

  • EU (1996)

  • EU (1997-01)

  • EU (1997)

  • AU

Television advertisements

  • JP (launch)

  • US (1)

  • US (2)

  • US (Who?)

  • US (Who? 15 second variant)

  • UK (launch; long)

  • UK (launch; short)

Artwork

  • Japanese logo

  • North American/European/Australian/Brazilian logo

External links

  • Dave's Sega Saturn Page - Famous fansite that was extremely popular during the Saturn's heyday (no longer updated).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 File:CVG UK 164.pdf, page 7
  2. ↑ File:CVG UK 165.pdf, page 30
  3. ↑ File:ConsolesMicro FR 01.pdf, page 13
  4. ↑ File:SegaMagazin DE 21.pdf, page 6
  5. ↑ File:HobbyConsolas ES 046.pdf, page 28
  6. ↑ File:HobbyConsolas ES 050.pdf, page 26
  7. ↑ File:SegaSaturn94JPCatalog.pdf
  8. ↑ File:Edge UK 024.pdf, page 9
  9. ↑ File:Hyper AU 003.pdf, page 8
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 File:Edge UK 030.pdf, page 99
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 File:SSM UK 24.pdf, page 25
  12. ↑ Scavenger Interview, Edge
  13. ↑ PlayStation documentation
  14. ↑ PlayStation GPU documentation
  15. ↑ File:MAXIMUM UK 06.pdf, page 127
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 110
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 File:Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf
  19. ↑ File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf, page 23
  20. ↑ File:SH-2A.pdf, page 2
  21. ↑ SH7040, SH7041, SH7042, SH7043, SH7044, SH7045, Renesas
  22. ↑ File:Hitachi SuperH Programming Manual.pdf, page 31
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 File:ST-097-R5-072694.pdf
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 157
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 Sega Saturn (MAME)
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 File:HD40491 datasheet.pdf
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 File:ST-077-R2-052594.pdf
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Sega Saturn FAQ (January 8, 2000)
  30. ↑ http://www.drolez.com/retro/
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 6
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 24
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 STV VDP2 (MAME)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 18
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 STV VDP1 (MAME)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 File:NextGeneration US 24.pdf, page 64
  39. ↑ File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf, page 17
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Design of Digital Systems and Devices (page 95)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 File:13-APR-94.pdf, page 8
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 40
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 File:ST-097-R5-072694.pdf, page 93
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 149
  45. ↑ File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 152
  46. ↑ File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf, page 25
  47. ↑ File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 163
  48. ↑ The State of Sega Saturn Homebrew
  49. ↑ File:Sega Service Manual - Sega Saturn (PAL) - 013-1 - June 1995.pdf, page 34
  50. ↑ File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 11
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 147
  52. ↑ File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 135
  53. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 34
  54. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 24
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 177
  56. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 149
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 64
  58. ↑ Sega Saturn Tech Specs
  59. ↑ Sega System 24 Hardware Notes (2013-06-16)
  60. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 119
  61. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 29
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 52
  63. ↑ File:ST-238-R1-051795.pdf
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 File:ST-238-R1-051795.pdf, page 232
  65. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 81
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 75
  67. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 39
  68. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 35
  69. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 65
  70. ↑ File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 61
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 8
  72. ↑ File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 15
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 File:SegaVisions US 24.pdf, page 14
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 File:ST-013-R3-061694.pdf, page 41
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Saturn VDP1 hardware notes (2003-05-17)
  76. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 163
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 File:TUTORIAL.pdf, page 223
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 132
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 File:13-APR-94.pdf, page 12
  80. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 23
  81. ↑ File:13-APR-94.pdf, page 28
  82. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 54
  83. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 79
  84. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 360
  85. ↑ File:ST-058-R2-060194.pdf, page 49
  86. ↑ File:ST-TECH.pdf, page 142
  87. ↑ File:ST-103-R1-040194.pdf, page 39
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 File:HM5241605 datasheet.pdf
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 File:TC514260B datasheet.pdf
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 File:UPD4504161 datasheet.pdf
  91. ↑ File:HM514270D datasheet.pdf
  92. ↑ File:SRM20256L datasheet.pdf
  93. ↑ File:TC574200D datasheet.pdf
  94. ↑ GamePro, "June 1996" (US; 1996-xx-xx), page 22
  95. ↑ CD Consoles, "Novembre 1995" (FR; 1995-xx-xx), page 89
  96. ↑ Hyper, "July 1995" (AU; 1995-xx-xx), page 11
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Sega Saturn
Topics Technical Specifications (Hardware Comparison) | History (Development | Release | Decline and legacy) | List of games (A-M) | List of games (N-Z) | Magazine articles | Promotional material | Merchandise
Hardware Japan | North America | Western Europe | Eastern Europe | South America | Asia | South Korea | Australasia | Africa

HiSaturn Navi | SunSeibu SGX | Sega Titan Video

Add-ons Backup Memory (third-party) | Sega PriFun | Video CD Card (third-party) | Extended RAM Cartridge (third-party) | Twin Advanced ROM System
Controllers Control Pad | Control Pad (Australia) | 3D Control Pad | Arcade Racer | Infrared Control Pad | Mission Stick | Shuttle Mouse | Twin Stick | Virtua Gun | Virtua Stick | Virtua Stick Pro
Online Services/Add-ons NetLink Internet Modem (NetLink Keyboard | NetLink Keyboard Adapter | NetLink Mouse) | Saturn Modem (Floppy Drive | Keyboard)
Connector Cables 21 Pin RGB Cable | Monaural AV Cable | RF Unit | Stereo AV Cable | S-Video Cable | Taisen Cable
Development Hardware Programming Box | Sound Box | E7000 | CartDev | SNASM2 | Address Checker | PSY-Q Development System | MIRAGE Universal CD Emulator
Misc. Hardware 6Player | SBom Multitap‎ | Saturn region converter cartridges | Action Replay | Pro Action Replay | Action Replay Plus | X-Terminator (Version 3) | S-S Promoter | Other cartridges
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