History of the Sega Master System

From Sega Retro

Development

Release

Japan

Pressure had been applied to Sega from the minute they entered the home console market in Japan. While the SG-1000 and SG-1000 II were profitable for Sega, selling above their initial expectations (as the Japanese console gaming market was still young), they were trumped by the MSX computer standard and the rise of Nintendo's Family Computer. Faced with marginalization, Sega released the much improved Sega Mark III in the hopes of gaining a bigger share of the market.

But the Sega Mark III failed to sell in the volumes Sega expected. By 1985 Nintendo held an estimated 90% of the market,[1] and a Famicom "culture" had emerged in Japan, something which all new competitors would struggle to challenge.

In a last ditch effort, Sega brought the redesigned Sega Master System seen in North America to the Japanese market in late 1987 as a relaunch of the platform. The Japanese Master System featured a more advanced Yamaha YM2413 FM synthesis sound chip, which was not used for Western Master System consoles. The Master System performed slightly better than the Sega Mark III, but faced stiff competition with newer systems, particularly with NEC's PC Engine, which launched two weeks later on October 30, 1987.

By 1986, Sega had sold an estimated 1 million Mark III consoles in Japan.[2] By early 1988, about 800,000 Master System consoles had been sold in Japan (versus 6 million Famicoms).[3] In total, an estimated 2.5 million Mark III and Master System consoles were sold in Japan.[4]

The final Mark III release was Bomber Raid, released four months after the launch of the Mega Drive.

North America

While Sega had given itself a presence in the North American arcade scene earlier in the decade, a series of business decisions and changing market conditions had led to sell-offs and step-backs. It lacked a presence in the states - the early 1980s were dominated by the trials and tribulations of Atari (and its descendants) and an ever more saturated video game market. The video game crash of 1983 dented consumer confidence, and it was only with the emergence of Nintendo that the market became profitable again.

Around 1985 saw the return of Sega firm in the form of Sega of America, and a successful holiday season for Nintendo and its newly launched Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) prompted the company to think about the US home video game console market, deciding in March 1986 to bring the already-selling Sega Mark III into the country[5]. Feeling the name would fail to attract customers, the console was completely redesigned, becoming the new "Sega Video Game System" (or Sega System for short).

Sega of America's marketing arm was peanuts compared to Nintendo's. Its consumer products division had only opened in April 1986 and consisted of two men, Bruce Lowry and Bob Harris and a couple of administrators working out of a small office next to Sega's local coin-op division[6]. J. Walter Thompson (JWT) was hired to manage Sega's $9 million USD marketing budget, producing the packaging for the console and its initial array of games, and within two months the team at Sega had created a 1,800 square foot booth for Summer CES 1986.

Prior to Summer CES 1986, Sega had sold home video games in the US through third-party publishers and distributors, but the brand was not instantly recognisable - some at the event even mistook the company at the event for Saga Foods, bemused that a food distributor would enter the video game business[6]. Nevertheless Sega were so pleased with JWT's handling of the CES booth that they cancelled a planned marketing review set for the end of the year, and kept the firm in charge for several months to come.

The Sega Video Game System was announced for a September 1986 release, although didn't arrive on most store shelves until October. Initially two bundles of the console were sold - the cheaper "Sega Base System" (containing just a Power Base (the console unit) and a control pad) for around $139, and the "Sega Master System" (which also included a second control pad and a Light Phaser) for $149[6]. The latter bundle eventually proved to be more popular, and as future bundles began offering more for less, the "Sega Master System" became synonymous with all home Sega future products, replacing the term "Sega Video Game System" entirely.

Nintendo had control of 90% of the North American video game market as early as 1986, and Sega struggled to get a foothold in the region, not helped by the fact that the NES was retailing for $10 less at the time[6]. Nintendo's distribution chain was also much stronger, with access to the likes of Toys 'R' Us and Sears which Sega lacked, leading to far greater brand recognition, particularly over the holiday period. Nintendo was also popular for other reasons - Donkey Kong was the second biggest arcade game of 1981 (behind Pac-Man), and while Sega would begin to dominate the arcade scene in the months that followed, games like 1983's Mario Bros. were still out-performing milestones such as Hang-On[6].

Within its first four months of sale, the Sega Master System sold 125,000 consoles to North American consumers[7]. While the figure was bleak compared to Nintendo's, rival Atari 7800 had managed only 100,000 in its first six months of sale.

Winter CES 1987 saw Sega and Nintendo as neighbouring booths, with Sega demonstrating Mark Cerny's 3D Glasses and Nintendo infamously showing their (ultimately cancelled) NES knitting machine[8]. There were a number of small successes when Sega managed to get its console into Macy's, FAO Schwarz and Target, not to mention a favourable review by respected film critics Siskel and Ebert[9]. Still, when Sega hit the 100,000 console sold milestone, 2 million NES consoles had been moved, with Nintendo holding onto 86-93% of the market[9].

After several months of poor sales, Hayao Nakayama, then CEO of Sega, decided to invest less money into marketing the Master System, inevitably selling a two year distribution contract to Tonka[9] effective from the 17th[10] August 1987[11][12]. While this meant Tonka was responsible for the bulk of sales and distribution (being seen to have a wider access to retailers), Sega of America would still handle support and its parent company in Japan would continue to produce software[11].

Retrospectively, the move was considered a very bad one, as Tonka had never marketed a video game console and were clueless how to step up Sega's game. Lowry and Harris, unwilling to move to Tonka's headquarters in Minnesota, resigned shortly afterwards,[9] with Bruce Lowry subsequently taking a job at Nintendo of Europe.

Tonka were generous in their marketing of Sega's console, spending $30 million USD on the Master System cause, but although this led to $90 million's worth of sales between July and December 1987 (a figure 20% higher than expected),[13] the firm failed to sell one million consoles within two years[14]. Tonka's then-ownership of Parker Brothers did allow for more Master System exclusive titles, however.

In late 1987, Sega embarked on a promotional tour of the US with the Sega Challenge, fronted by Project Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter[15].

In early 1988 and continuing for much of the year, Japan was hit with a chip shortage which affected Sega's production of Master System cartridges. The real losers during this period however, were Nintendo, forced to delay big titles like Super Mario Bros. 2 into 1989[16].

When the contract expired in 1989, Sega reclaimed the rights to the Master System, but prioritised its newly released Sega Mega Drive (Sega Genesis) instead. In the Spring of 1990, the Master System's price dropped to under $70[17].

Sega soon created the cost-reduced Sega Master System II[18], a newer, smaller and sleeker console but which, to keep production costs low, lacked several features that had been present on the original. The company did everything in its power to market the system, but nothing came out of it. By 1991, the Master System's sales were virtually nonexistent in North America, and production ceased.

Though the Master System was more technically advanced in some ways than the NES, it did not attain the same level of popularity among consumers in the United States. The licensing agreement that Nintendo had with its third-party game developers may have had an impact as well; the agreement stated, in effect, that developers would produce games for the NES only. However, Sega did have the advantage of being able to pluck titles from their ever-growing arcade game library at the time, and so was able to build up a strong library of exclusive Master System titles.

While the Master System was forced to take a distant second, the console's existence demonstrated, alongside Nintendo, of a massive shift in the American video game industry towards Japanese manufacturers, pushing former industry leaders Atari into third, and wiping out attempts by Intv Corp to revitalise the aging Intellivision. Home computers, dominant in other parts of the world, were also kept at bay.

In Canada, the Master System was distributed by Irwin Toy, though many games were imported from the US.

Europe

Unlike North America, dedicated video game consoles were not a rousing success in Europe during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Atari 2600 performed relatively well, but the Intellivision and ColecoVision had fared poorly[19], with the market dominated by home microcomputers such as the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64[20]. European software houses were generally disinterested in dedicated consoles until 1986, when the localised Nintendo Entertainment System began to ship to developers in the US[20].

By the mid-1980s, Sega had established a name for itself in Europe through their high-grossing arcade games, and interest in their Sega Master System machine also began to grow later in the year. The Master System arrived in Europe at different points, starting with Germany (and the Netherlands?) in October 1986 where it would be distributed by Ariolasoft.

Ariolasoft also picked up the rights to distribute the console in the UK, with a view of putting out the console by Christmas 1986 at either £79.99 or £89.99[21]. It was later announced that their initial package set to retail for £99.95 would have included two controllers and a copy of TransBot (on Sega Card)[22], with Action Fighter, Astro Warrior / Pit Pot, Black Belt, Choplifter, Fantasy Zone, Hang-On (also on card) and World Grand Prix all debuting as launch titles and priced at £19.95 each[23][24]. This would have been priced lower than rival Nintendo "in every respect"[25].

In addition to distributing software that had already been written, Ariolasoft had plans to publish its own software for the machine, starting with a conversion of the 1984 Apple II game, Skyfox[21]. However, the deal fell through in the UK[20], causing additional delays before Sega found a partner in Mastertronic (although strictly speaking Ariolasoft managed to import at least three Master Systems in the UK for demonstration purposes[22].

The UK's Master System was first shown at the Personal Computer World Show 1987,[26] with initial consoles, bundled with two controllers and the card version of Hang-On, selling for £99.95 in the Autumn of 1987 (with similar release dates for France and Italy). Incidentally Nintendo (fronted by Mattel) launched their NES at around the same time for £99 (with Super Mario Bros.) - a full four years after it had arrived as the Famicom in Japan.

Sales were good on launch, giving Mastertronic about £5 million a year.[27] By 1988, the Master System was considered a success in the UK, whereas the NES was considered a failure[28]. Mid-1988 saw the UK home computer market continued to be led by the ZX Spectrum line, with the Commodore 64 in second and the Amstrad CPC in third.[29] It was similar for the home computer markets in France and Germany, with 16-bit computers taking a more prominent role as time went on, and in Spain, 40% of the computer market was owned by the MSX, the standard's second biggest home after Japan. Sega's own home computer range, including the SC-3000, was also sold in European countries such as France.[29]

Nintendo predicted 40,000 Master Systems had been sold in the UK by the Summer 1988 (placing themselves on a similar figure).[30] However, it is widely thought Nintendo was trailing, with their systems being hard to find and the library of games being less than a third than what was being offered in the US.[27] In comparison, the more expensive 16-bit Atari ST had sold 120,000 units at this point.[30] The estimated figure had been raised to about 45,000 by November 1988, a ratio of 1:625 for residents in the UK (versus the extraordinary 1:10 ratio for Famicom owners in Japan).[31]

Across Europe, it was thought about 155,000 consoles had been sold by early 1988, alongside 600,000 cartridges.[3] But as Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum support began to dry out in 1989, consumers on a budget began to look at dedicated consoles once more, with the Master System benefiting the most.[32] The total number of UK consoles had risen to 100,000 by the Autumn of 1989.[26]

1990 also saw Virgin Mastertronic reduce the prices of older Master System games considerably, to the point where some where retailing for as little as £9.99 in the UK.[33][34][32] Nintendo never chose to match this pricing structure.

Over the course of its first three years, the console was stocked in branches of Comet, Menzies, Dixons, Toys 'R' Us, Woolworths, Hamleys and Virgin Megastores, with Rumbelows joining in late 1989.[35] Virgin Mastertronic also struck a deal with RCA/Columbia Video UK around this period, allowing console rentals from 1,200 outlets.[35][36] Blockbuster Video would join them the following year[37].

Following the Winter CES 1990 European developers including US Gold[38], Grandslam, Mirrorsoft and Titus were licensed to develop games for the Master System.[39][40]. Many more would follow, which would see a big turn around in third party support compared to the handful of third party games which had been developed in Japan and America.

About 690,000 Master Systems had been sold in Europe by the end of January 1990,[34] with about 200,000 consoles each in the UK[35] and France. By 1990, about 270,000 Master System units were sold in the UK, compared to 100,000 NES units.[41].

725,000 Master Systems were sold across Europe in 1990[42], while 1,745,000 Master Systems were sold during 1991[43] (with 340,000 of those being sold in the UK[43] and 600,000 in France)[43]. The standard Master System received a price cut in April of 1991, dropping £20 to £59, with the Master System Plus dropping from £99 to £79[44].

Between 1988 and 1991 a number of competitors were announced - the PC Engine (and TurboGrafx) which took very cautious steps to the point where it was largely ignored as a product, the much-hyped but ultimately cancelled Konix Multisystem project, and "consolised" machines in the form of the Amstrad GX4000 and the Commodore 64GS, based on the Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64, respectively, all of which were eclipsed by Master System sales.

The redesigned Sega Master System II was also released in Europe (several months after the US)[45], however the colouring is slightly different; European SMS IIs are black, while their North American counterparts are grey.

By 1993 sales were still strong, by which time there were 1,100,000 Master Systems in the UK.[46]

The Master System was successful in Europe, where it is known to have outsold the NES in key markets, partly due to the numerous poor marketing decisions and delays from Nintendo's European distributors[47] (which arguably still continue to this day). Precise figures vary considerably between countries - Germany houses Nintendo's European headquarters, and has historically achieved more in that region than the UK, France and Spain. Overall, the Master System was more successful than the NES in Europe, especially the UK. The Master System also began gaining ground on home computers, which had been dominant in Europe throughout the 1980s, until the Master System finally began breaking the stranglehold of home computers towards the end of the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, the Master System (especially the Master System II model) had become the most popular gaming platform in Europe, eclipsing the NES as well as home computers. The Master System's cumulative sales in Western Europe had increased from 700,000 units in 1989 to 6.95 million units in 1993 (including 1.5 million in the UK). In comparison, the NES had sold 5.98 million units in Europe by 1993.[4] In comparison to home computers, the ZX Spectrum (launched 1982) sold 5 million units worldwide by 2000,[48] while the Amiga (launched just a month after the Master System in 1987) sold 3.8 million units in Europe by 1993 (including 1.5 million in the UK).[49]

The Master System was supported until 1996 in Europe, but was finally discontinued so Sega could concentrate on the Sega Saturn. Many Master System games were exclusive to Europe, and the console established a large user base to market the even more successful Sega Mega Drive to.

In Eastern Europe, the first Master Systems appeared in Yugoslavia and the USSR (exactly in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) in 1990. After the fall of communism, consoles were distributed in other countries but in most of them only the second Master System appeared because it was the newest one at the time (the exception is the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia where first model was also sold).

Australia

650,000 Master Systems had been sold in Austraila by late 1994[50].

Brazil

Brazil was one of the Master System's most successful markets, where it was marketed by Tec Toy. As there was limited (official) competition, it soon became the console of choice and remained this way for many years. Further re-releases of the console such as the Sega Master System III were released, and several games were translated into Portuguese or localised for a Brazilian audience (for example, Wonder Boy in Monster Land featured characters from a popular children's comic-book in Brazil named Turma da Mônica, known as Monica's Gang internationally).

Later in its life, Sega Game Gear games had been ported to the Master System, and several original Brazilian titles were made for the console. Tec Toy also produced a licensed version of the wildly popular fighting game Street Fighter II in 1997, one of the most technically impressive titles for the system.

The Sega Master System is still being produced in Brazil, though systems with cartridge slots faded away by the mid-2000s. For more information see Tectoy Master System.

In total, 8 million Master System consoles were sold in Brazil, where it is the country's best-selling console.[51]

South Korea

At the time, tensions between Japan and other Asian countries meant that Sega could not easily market the Sega Master System themselves. Instead, Samsung were put in charge, renaming the system as the Gam*Boy and repackaging/translating software and hardware in 1989. There are several Master System games exclusive to South Korea, but rampant piracy and relaxed copyright laws means many of these games are also unlicensed. Many of these games are MSX ports, and so use the SG-1000 video modes as opposed to the Master System's more sophisticated video modes.

The version of the system released in South Korea is identical to the Japanese Master System, albeit without FM audio. It was advertised to retail at ₩119,000 and included two controllers and a "2MB Compatibility Pack".

South Korean cartridges are of the same form factor and pinout as Japanese cartridges, and so both regions are interchangeable with one another. South Korean control pads however have a more rounded look, and employ a different type of D-pad, similar to Nintendo's. Like its western counterparts, the console was redesigned and sold as the Gam*Boy II / Aladdin Boy, but it employed a completely different color scheme.

Asia

The Master System also saw a release in other parts of Asia, with the console being very similar to the redesigned Japanese model. The only major difference is that some regions required a PAL signal, while others an NTSC one. It is otherwise fully compatible with the Japanese game library.

Africa

The first model appeared in several African countries such as Nigeria or South Africa in the late 80s, however, they were very rare and only the richest people had them. In the 90s, with the increase in the presence of Sega in Africa, the Master System was in the shadow of Mega Drive.

Legacy

Sales

Hardware

Date Japan North America Europe Other Worldwide
1987-02 125,000[7]
"Early 1988" 800,000[3] ("Consoles", may include SG-1000) 155,000[3]
1989-06 UK: 100,000[52]
1990-01 690,000[34]

UK: 210,000[35][53]

1990-10 UK: 250,000[54]
1991-01 1,415,000[55]

FR: 480,000[55] UK: 360,000[53]

1991-04 UK: 420,000[56]
1993-01 UK: 1,100,000[46]
"Late 1994" AU: 650,000[50]

References

  1. ↑ File:UltimateHistoryofVideoGames Book US.pdf, page 320
  2. ↑ [Business Japan, Volume 31, Issues 7-12, page 89 Business Japan, Volume 31, Issues 7-12, page 89]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 File:Arcades FR 07.pdf, page 29
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Third generation of video games
  5. ↑ Computer Entertainer, "August 1989" (US; 1989-08-18), page 8
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 File:UltimateHistoryofVideoGames Book US.pdf, page 322
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 File:PhoenixtheFallandRiseofVideoGames Book US 3rd.pdf, page 122
  8. ↑ File:UltimateHistoryofVideoGames Book US.pdf, page 376
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 File:UltimateHistoryofVideoGames Book US.pdf, page 377
  10. ↑ Computer Entertainer, "August 1987" (US; 1987-08-xx), page 11
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 File:PhoenixtheFallandRiseofVideoGames Book US 3rd.pdf, page 124
  12. ↑ Cash Box, "August 22, 1987" (US; 1987-08-22), page 35
  13. ↑ File:PhoenixtheFallandRiseofVideoGames Book US 3rd.pdf, page 126
  14. ↑ File:UltimateHistoryofVideoGames Book US.pdf, page 415
  15. ↑ Cash Box, "December 26, 1987" (US; 1987-12-26), page 126
  16. ↑ File:PhoenixtheFallandRiseofVideoGames Book US 3rd.pdf, page 127
  17. ↑ VideoGames & Computer Entertainment, "May 1990" (US; 1990-0x-xx), page 20
  18. ↑ New Computer Express, "16 June 1990" (UK; 1990-06-14), page 2
  19. ↑ The Games Machine, "October/November 1987" (UK; 1987-09-17), page 29
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 The Games Machine, "October/November 1987" (UK; 1987-09-17), page 30
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Popular Computing Weekly, "Vol. 5 No. 37" (UK; 1986-09-11), page 6
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Popular Computing Weekly, "Vol. 5 No. 43" (UK; 1986-10-23), page 14
  23. ↑ Your Computer, "Vol. 6 No. 12: December 1986" (UK; 1986-xx-xx), page 19
  24. ↑ Popular Computing Weekly, "Vol. 5 No. 43" (UK; 1986-10-23), page 15
  25. ↑ Your Computer, "Vol. 7 No. 1: January 1987" (UK; 198x-xx-xx), page 39
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 File:StheSegaMagazine UK 01.pdf, page 14
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 File:TGM UK 11.pdf, page 28
  28. ↑ File:TGM UK 11.pdf, page 27
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 File:TGM UK 08.pdf, page 84
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 File:TGM UK 11.pdf, page 8
  31. ↑ File:TGM UK 13.pdf, page 8
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 File:TheCompleteGuideToSega UK.pdf, page 14
  33. ↑ New Computer Express, "10 March 1990" (UK; 1990-03-08), page 7
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 S: The Sega Magazine, "May 1990" (UK; 1990-04-05), page 7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":File:StheSegaMagazine UK 06.pdf_p7" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":File:StheSegaMagazine UK 06.pdf_p7" defined multiple times with different content
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 File:StheSegaMagazine UK 03.pdf, page 7
  36. ↑ New Computer Express, "December 2 1989" (UK; 1989-11-30), page 2
  37. ↑ New Computer Express, "24 November 1990" (UK; 1990-11-22), page 6
  38. ↑ New Computer Express, "15 September 1990" (UK; 1990-09-13), page 48
  39. ↑ New Computer Express, "20 January 1990" (UK; 1990-01-18), page 3
  40. ↑ S: The Sega Magazine, "March 1990" (UK; 1990-02-01), page 12
  41. ↑ Screen Digest, 1990, page 209
  42. ↑ Sega Power, "July 1991" (UK; 1991-06-06), page 19
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Sega Pro, "April 1992" (UK; 1992-03-19), page 12
  44. ↑ New Computer Express, "4th May 1991" (UK; 1991-05-02), page 3
  45. ↑ New Computer Express, "22 December 1990" (UK; 1990-12-20), page 7
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Edge, "October 1993" (UK; 1993-08-19), page 14
  47. ↑ New Computer Express, "10 February 1990" (UK; 1990-02-08), page 4
  48. ↑ ["Videogaming: The Odyssey". EDGE Magazine. Future Publishing: 76. January 2000. "Videogaming: The Odyssey". EDGE Magazine. Future Publishing: 76. January 2000.]
  49. ↑ [Commodore-Amiga Sales Figures, Amiga history guide Commodore-Amiga Sales Figures, Amiga history guide]
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 File:Sega MegaZone 45 Nov 94.pdf, page 23
  51. ↑ ["Console em produção há mais tempo, Master System já vendeu 8 mi no Brasil" (Universo Online) "Console em produção há mais tempo, Master System já vendeu 8 mi no Brasil" (Universo Online)]
  52. ↑ New Computer Express, "June 10, 1989" (UK; 1989-06-08), page 5
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sega Power, "May 1991" (UK; 1991-04-04), page 6
  54. ↑ New Computer Express, "20 October 1990" (UK; 1990-10-18), page 7
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 New Computer Express, "23rd March 1991" (UK; 1991-03-21), page 5
  56. ↑ New Computer Express, "27th April 1991" (UK; 1991-04-25), page 6


Sega Master System
Topics Sega Master System | Technical Specifications (Hardware Comparison) | History | Boot ROM | Magazine articles | Promotional material | Merchandise
Hardware Asia | North America | Western Europe | Eastern Europe | South America | Australasia | Africa

Sega Mark III | Sega Game Box 9 | Master System Girl | Master System Super Compact | Kiosk | Sega System E

Add-ons Demo Unit II | Telecon Pack | FM Sound Unit | 3-D Glasses
Controllers SJ-152 | Control Pad | 3-D Glasses | Control Stick | Handle Controller | Light Phaser | Paddle Control | Rapid Fire Unit | Sports Pad | SG Commander
Misc. Hardware Action Replay | Card Catcher | Action Case | Freedom Connection | Playkit
Unreleased Floppy Disk Drive
Consoles-on-a-chip Arcade Gamer Portable | TF-DVD560 | DVD Karaoke Game DVT-G100 | Fun Play 20-in-1 | Handheld Electronic Games | Master System 3 Collection | Master System 3 | Master System Evolution | Master System Handy | PlayPal Plug & Play | Poga
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