Sega Mega Drive

Sega Mega Drive
Manufacturer: Sega
Variants: Mega Drive 2, Genesis 3, Mega Jet, Nomad, Mega Tech, Mega Play, Amstrad Mega PC
Add-ons: Sega Mega-CD, Sega 32X, Mega Modem, Power Base Converter
Release Date RRP Code JP 1988-10-29 ¥21,00021,000 HAA-2510 US (NY/LA) 1989-08-14 $200.00200.00 MK-1600 US (Nationwide) 1989-08 $200.00200.00 MK-1600 DE 1990 1600-18 ES 1990 1600-06 FR 1990-09 1890F1890 1600-09 NL 1991 ƒ399399 1600-20 PT 199x UK 1990-09-14 £189.99189.99 1600-05 SE 1990 1600-24 GR 199x IT 1990-11 399.000£399.000 1600-13 AU 199x 1600-03 NZ 199x MX 19xx BR 1990-12 010300 KR 1990-05 ₩154,000154,000 TH 199x IN 1995 ₹18,00018,000

The Sega Mega Drive (メガドライブ), called the Sega Genesis in North America and Super Gam*Boy (수퍼겜보이) (later Super Aladdin Boy (수퍼알라딘 보이) in South Korea, is a cartridge-based video game console developed by Sega in 1988.

The Mega Drive is Sega's third home console, following the SG-1000 (including SG-1000 II) and the Sega Master System (Mark III). It was codenamed the Sega Mark V during development and is part of what is now known as the fourth generation of video game consoles.

The Mega Drive is Sega's most successful video game console, selling over 40 million units worldwide, including more than 20 million in the United States, over 9 million in Western Europe, 3.58 million in Japan, and 3 million in Brazil.

It has a software library consisting of more than one thousand games released for the system in total. As well as competing with Nintendo's Famicom (NES) and later Super Famicom (Super NES) for market control, Sega also found itself fighting against NEC's TurboGrafx-16 (PC Engine in Japan), SNK's Neo Geo, the Atari Jaguar and numerous home computers in one of the biggest "console wars" of all time.

It had a cartridge enhancement chip, the Sega Virtua Processor (SVP), and two add-on consoles, the Sega CD and 32X. The Mega Drive would be succeeded by the Sega Saturn (released in 1994), and then the Sega Dreamcast (released in 1998).

Hardware

The Mega Drive was envisioned at the next technological step over other video game consoles available at the time. It is a "16-bit" machine, named after its use of a 16-bit CPU (in this case, the Motorola 68000), and was marketed as being superior to popular "8-bit" consoles dominating the market at the time, usually the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) but sometimes its immediate predecessor, the Sega Master System. 16-bit CPUs had been gaining popularity since the mid-80s, were widely used in arcade machines, and were almost expected to be found in new home computers - it was therefore considered logical that the next "generation" of dedicated video game consoles should follow suit.

The Mega Drive builds on technology found in the Master System (and with adaptors, is fully backwards compatible), though as well as upping the technical specifications for more demanding gameplay, sound and graphics, makes a number of crucial changes to the design of consoles which continue to this day. Firstly it added a third face button, , to the (now ergonomically designed) control pad. The Mega Drive outputs sound in stereo, and makes an attempt to region lock games through software. Also, when utilising the right cables, the Mega Drive is natively able to produce a clearer image than its rivals (on top of its already higher resolution 320x240 display).

All Mega Drives ultilise a top-loading design (as opposed to the cumbersome VCR-style cartridge loading of the Western NES), while having removable controllers (unlike the Famicom). It was designed from day one to allow hardware expansions, and its use of dark plastic means that the "yellowing" of older systems (from bromine-based flame retardants reacting with oxygen) is less of an issue.

Models

Main article: Mega Drive consoles.

Mega Drive

The original Mega Drive measures 28 cm×21.2 cm×7 cm. The top of the unit is split into two components: a circular emboss with the cartridge slot and a tagline (which was omitted on later versions), and a control panel containing the power and reset buttons and the volume slider for the headphones jack. Audio output through the original model was mono through the A/V port, while the headphone jack was used for stereo sound. A third DE-9 port on the back of the unit provided additional peripheral support, though was removed from later revisions.

Asian, Japanese and South Korean models have a cartridge locking mechanism which prevents cartridges from being removed when the power is on (which is why "Eastern" cartridges, as well as the Sonic & Knuckles cartridge and various others, have a cut-out on their left sides). Later runs included the TradeMark Security System, missing in early builds causing small compatibility issues, despite the feature having been planned early on.

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  Japanese model

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  North American model

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  European model

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  Brazilian model

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  Brazilian model (Mega Drive II)

• Sega Mega Drive (pal asia).jpg

  Asian model

• Samsungmegadrive.jpg

  South Korean model

Mega Drive 2

1993 saw this cost-reduced redesign (known as the Mega Drive II in Europe, and sold simply as "Genesis" in North America without the Sega prefix), at 22 cm×21.2 cm×5.9 cm, being introduced internationally. One of the major revisions from the original model was the removal of the headphones jack in favor of stereo output through a redesigned 9-pin A/V port. American and European models used a momentary switch for power while non-western models used a left-right switch. Furthermore, the audio mixing circuitry was modified, resulting in noticeably different quality audio output — here is a page with audio samples, provided by little-scale.

A common myth is that the Mega Drive 2 lacks a Z80 — the truth is that it lacks a Zilog Z80. During the Mega Drive's lifetime, Sega received various off-the-shelf chips from different manufacturers, and sometimes would rebrand chips as their own or make them themselves, which is what happened here (and which is why each Mega Drive has a different manufacturer for its 68000). If the Z80 was missing, most games would have no sound (or not all sound). In later revisions, the Z80 was integrated into a custom ASIC which also incorporated the major chips of the system.

The very last revisions of the Mega Drive 2 (post-1996) took a number of cost-saving measures, combining chips and simplifiyng circuitry, but in the process removing support for the Power Base Converter, Mega-CD, 32X and Virtua Racing. The removable expansion cover and Mega-CD connector still exist on these boards, but now advise users not to remove the protective pin cover.

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  Japanese model

• 

  North American model

• 

  European model

• Super Aladdin Boy II.jpg

  South Korean model

Genesis 3

Main article: Genesis 3.

A Genesis 3.

The Genesis 3 was a small version manufactured by Majesco in 1998 for the American market, which they had been manufacturing for until then. It is much smaller than its predecessors and lacks all expansions and fixes memory controller bugs — both rendering some games unplayable and the Sega CD and 32X unusable.

Portables: Mega Jet and Nomad

Main articles: Sega Mega Jet and Sega Nomad.

The Mega Jet and Nomad were portable Mega Drive systems released near the middle/end of the system's lifetime. The Mega Jet, released in 1994, was originally designed for use on JAL airliners but was later released for Japanese consumers. The Mega Jet is a semi-portable system; the system has a built-in controller but requires an external power supply and a TV. The Nomad was a full portable in its own right, having an integrated screen and sound capabilities, in addition to a battery pack.

Arcade hardware: Mega Tech, Mega Play, and the System C

Main articles: Mega Tech, Mega Play, System C.

The Mega Drive hardware was adapted for arcade use several times over the course of its life. The Mega Tech and Mega Play allowed arcade operators to provide somewhat modified versions of popular Mega Drive games for arcade play — these systems use special cartridges containing games and players can choose from the games plugged into the system. The System C is a different board built from modified Mega Drive hardware, boasting improved color abilities and (in later revisions known collectively as the System C2) improved sample playback. The System C was primarily home to puzzle games — Columns and Puyo Puyo were released on this hardware.

Data East is also known to have licensed Mega Drive hardware for an arcade version of High Seas Havoc; not much is known about this board.

Mega-CD combos: JVC Wondermega/X'eye, Pioneer LaserActive, Sega Multi-Mega, and Aiwa Mega CD

Main articles: Wondermega, LaserActive, Sega Multi-Mega, Aiwa Mega CD.

Combination Mega Drive/Mega-CD units were developed over the course of the Mega-CD's lifetime. The Wondermega and LaserActive are standalone consoles; the LaserActive also plays LaserDiscs. The Multi-Mega is a portable audio CD player that can play Mega Drive and Mega-CD games when plugged in to wall power and a TV. The Aiwa Mega CD is a Mega Drive/Mega-CD packed into Aiwa's consumer-level portable CD stereos.

Computer combinations: Sega Teradrive, Amstrad Mega PC, al-Alamiah units

Main articles: Sega Teradrive, Amstrad Mega PC, Al-Alamiah AX-660, Al-Alamiah AX-990.

The Teradrive and Mega PC are combination Mega Drive/IBM-compatible PCs made for the Japanese and UK markets, respectively. The three Al-Alamiah computers are combination Mega Drive/MSX computers for the Arabic market.

Modern System-on-a-Chip compilations

A variety of companies now make licensed system-on-a-chip units in a variety of fashions that contain single-chip Mega Drive implementations and several licensed ROM images. TecToy-made SoaCs also contain several "new" MD games, however these are believed to be — and likely are — Java 2 Mobile Edition games running on additional hardware. For a full list of SoaCs, see the template at the bottom of the page.

Cartridges

Main article: Sega Mega Drive cartridges.

Technical specifications

• System master clock rate: 53.693175 MHz (NTSC), 53.203424 MHz (PAL)
  • Master clock cycles per frame: 896,040 (NTSC), 1,067,040 (PAL)
  • Master clock cycles per scanline: 3420

Processors

• Main CPU: Motorola 68000
  • Clock rate: 7.670453 MHz (NTSC), 7.600489 MHz (PAL)
  • The 68000 has a 24‑bit address space, allowing access to up to 16 MB of memory. Sega's memory map for the Mega Drive allowed games to be up to 4 MB without the use of a memory mapper; games that tried to go up to 10 MB would find their memory maps crushed by the Sega CD (which took the second 4 MB block) and Sega 32X (which took 2 MB of the third 4 MB block). All devices are memory mapped.
    • Games using save memory also needed to have the memory in the cartridge map; larger games, such as Phantasy Star IV, used a mapper to swap out cart space for SRAM during a save.
  • Instruction set: 16‑bit and 32‑bit CISC instructions
  • Data bus width: 32-bit internal, 16‑bit external
  • External data bus clock rate: 5 MHz (5 MB/s external data access bandwidth)
  • Arithmetic logic units: 16-bit data ALU, 32-bit address ALU (2x 16-bit ALU)
• Sound CPU: Zilog Z80
  • Clock rate: 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 3.546894 MHz (PAL)
  • Some games did not use the Z80, other games used it only for sample playback, but most used it for sound processing
  • 8 KB program RAM which the 68000 and the Z80 can freely write to (though the 68000 must request the Z80 bus)
  • Can access 32 KB of the 68000 memory map at once (while it should be used for accessing the cartridge, setting the bank register elsewhere can work on some hardware)
  • Instruction set: 8‑bit and 16‑bit instructions
  • Data bus width: 8‑bit
• CPU instruction performance: 1.861363 MIPS (NTSC), 1.844386 MIPS (PAL)
  • 68000 performance: 1.342329 MIPS (NTSC), 1.330086 MIPS (PAL)
  • Z80 performance: 0.519034 MIPS (NTSC), 0.5143 MIPS (PAL)

Sound

• FM sound chip: Yamaha YM2612, clocked at the 68000 clock speed (7.670453 MHz in NTSC, 7.600489 MHz in PAL)
  • 6 channels of FM synthesis, Operator Type‑N
    • The third channel can enter a Special Mode, or multifrequency mode, where each individual operator has a different frequency
    • The sixth channel can enter a DAC mode where the sound program constantly streams 8‑bit unsigned PCM data to mix directly into the output waveform
      • PCM sampling quality: 8‑bit depth, 8–22 kHz sampling rate
      • Stereo output capability
  • 1 sine wave LFO (low frequency oscillator) channel
  • Mapped to the Z80 address space — 68000 must request the Z80 bus to use
  • Some Mega Drive 2 systems actually use the core from the chip's CMOS equivalent, the YM3438
  • IRQ interrupt capabilities: IRQ2 sound interrupt
• PSG sound chip: Sega PSG (SN76496), clocked at the Z80 clock speed (3.579545 MHz in NTSC, 3.546894 MHz in PAL) and built into the VDP — same as with the Master System
  • Based on TI SN76489
  • 4 audio channels: Three channels of pure square wave tones, and one noise channel
    • The noise channel can play either white noise or "periodic noise" either at one of three preset frequencies or using the frequency of the third tone channel (consequently, that channel will be mute)
  • Can be freely accessed by both the 68000 through the VDP and the Z80 through its memory map
• The cartridge connector has two pins which allow stereo sound mixing directly from cart. No game used this, however, but the 32X uses it for its PWM audio
• The Mega Drive 1 has mono audio output from the TV output and stereo output from a built‑in headphone jack, plus a built‑in volume control. Future models drop the headphone jack and do stereo output from the TV output

Graphics

• GPU: Sega 315‑5313 VDP (Yamaha YM7101)
  • An evolution of the Sega Master System VDP (which is, in turn, an evolution of the TMS9918)
  • All TMS9918 modes were removed and replaced with several new modes
  • Controls background playfields and foreground sprites
  • Clock rate: 13.423294 MHz (NTSC), 13.300856 MHz (PAL)
  • Pixel clock rate: 6.711647 MHz (NTSC), 6.650428 MHz (PAL)
  • Internal data bus: 16-bit
  • External data buses: 16-bit CPU bus, 8/16-bit VRAM bus (Dual Port VRAM, 16-bit RAM/SAM, 8-bit RAM)
  • IRQ interrupt capabilities: IRQ6 VBlank interrupt, IRQ4 H‑Int (Horizontal Interrupt) scanline interrupt
  • DMA controller: Capable of DMA, high-speed fills and memory transfers, can transfer data from 68000 address space to VRAM/CRAM/VSRAM during active display and VBlank
• RGB/Composite Video Encoder DAC: Sony CXA1145 (NTSC/PAL) / Fujitsu MB3514 (PAL)
  • Colorburst clock frequency: 3.579545 MHz (NTSC), 4.433618 MHz (PAL)
• Progressive scan resolutions:
  • NTSC: 320×224 ("40 column mode"), 256×224 ("32 column mode")
  • PAL: 320×224, 256×224, 320×240, 256×240
• Interlaced resolutions:
  • NTSC: 320×448, 256×448
  • PAL: 320×448, 256×448, 320×480, 256×480
  • Note: "Interlaced mode" doubles the height of all resolutions; it was used by some games, such as Sonic 2 for two‑player mode.
• Overscan resolutions:
  • Progressive scan: 427×262 (NTSC), 423×312 (PAL)
  • Interlaced: 427×524 (NTSC), 423×624 (PAL)
• Tilemap resolutions: 256×256 to 512×512 and 1024×256
• Refresh rate: 59.92274 Hz (NTSC), 49.701459 Hz (PAL)
  • Maximum frame rate: 59.92274 frames/sec (NTSC), 49.701459 frames/sec (PAL)
• Four graphics planes: 2 scrolling tile planes (grids of tiles), "window" tile plane (cannot be transparent), sprite plane
  • Tilemap background planes: 2 scrolling planes, with horizontal and vertical tile flipping, individual tile priority, 6 tilemap sizes (256x256, 256x512, 256x1024, 512x256, 512x512, 1024x256), 32 bytes per tile, 16 colors per tile
    • Scrolling capabilities: Parallax scrolling, line and row scrolling, vertical and horizontal line scrolling, column scrolling.
    • 40–64 scrolling layers: Each of the 2 tilemap planes can be split into multiple scrolling layers, 32 one-tile rows and 20 two-tile columns. Each scanline, row and column can be scrolled at different rates, and each row can be overlapped.
  • Background window plane, behind scrolling planes
  • Sprite plane: 80 sprites on screen, 20 sprites per scanline, 16 sprite sizes (8×8 to 32×32 pixels), 16 colors per sprite, integer sprite zooming (up to 320x224), definable sprite priorities, 32 bytes per sprite tile, sprite flipping, virtual 512×512 sprite space, sprites can be combined into larger sprites, up to 1280 sprite tiles (80x 32×32 sprites)
  • Note: Priorities can be defined between planes.
• Color palette:
  • Standard: 512 colors (9-bit RGB)
  • Shadow/Highlight mode: 1536 colors
• Colors on screen:
  • Standard: 61–64 colors
  • Shadow/Highlight: 114–192 colors
  • Mid‑frame palette swap: 75–256 colors (see Blast Processing below)
  • Direct color: 256–512 colors (see Blast Processing below)
• Colors per pixel: 16 colors (4‑bit)
  • Mid‑frame palette swap: 16 colors (4-bit) to 256 colors (8-bit)
  • Direct color: 256 colors (8-bit) to 512 colors (9-bit)
• Shadow/Highlight: Hardware lighting, shadow generation (matching each character's shape), triples color palette and colors on screen, increases colors per tile
• Video RAM: 64 KB VRAM (Dual-Port VRAM) — used to store graphics tiles, mappings for all layers, and horizontal scrolling
  • Scroll A Pattern Table: 2 KB (256x256) to 8 KB (512x512, 1024x256) for background tilemap plane A
  • Scroll B Pattern Table: 2 KB (256x256) to 8 KB (512x512, 1024x256) for background tilemap plane B
  • Window Pattern Name Table: 2 KB (256x224, 256x240) to 4 KB (320x224, 320x240) for static window plane
  • H Scroll Data Table: 1 KB for horizontal scrolling
  • Sprite Attribute Table: 512 bytes (256x224, 256x240) to 1 KB (320x224, 320x240) for sprite attributes
  • Pattern Generator Table: 2 KB to 56.5 KB for background tiles (64 to 1808 tiles, 32 KB per tile)
  • Sprite Generator Table: Up to 40 KB for sprite tiles (up to 1280 tiles, 32 KB per tile)
  • SAM buffer: 256 bytes separate cache within VRAM chips, for sending continuous stream of video screen refresh data to VDP while it reads/writes VRAM
• VDP internal cache: 232 bytes
  • 64 9‑bit words (72 bytes) of internal CRAM (Color RAM) — used to store the color palette
    • 64 colors split into four 16‑color lines; each tile can be drawn with one of these four color lines
    • The first color in each line is transparent and any color of the entire palette can be used as a "background color" (when no pixels are drawn at a location); consequently the Mega Drive can display 61 colors on screen at once (unless raster effects or the Shadow/Highlight modes are used, in which case this number increases depending on the extent used)
    • Colors are 9‑bit RGB with 3 bits per color component, allowing for 512 colors
    • Shadow/Highlight modes increase color gamut (183—192 colors on screen, out of 1536 color palette)
  • 80 bytes internal VSRAM (Vertical Scrolling RAM) — used for vertical scrolling (10‑bit words, up to 20 different vertical scroll values for each of the two scrolling playfields)
  • 80 bytes internal sprite buffer — 8 bytes per sprite
• Other features: Semi‑transparency, FIFO memory circuit design, read/write of one line buffer method for drawing

Blast Processing

See Blast processing for more details and technical comparison with SNES

The term Blast Processing was primarily a reference to the Mega Drive VDP graphics processor's powerful DMA controller that could handle DMA (direct memory access) operations at much faster speeds than the Super NES. The Mega Drive could write to VRAM during active display and VBlank, and had a faster memory bandwidth than the SNES. The quicker DMA transfer rates and bandwidth gave the Mega Drive a faster performance than the SNES, and helped give the Mega Drive a higher fillrate, higher gameplay resolution, faster parallax scrolling, fast data blitting, and high frame-rate with many moving objects on screen, and allowed it to display more unique tiles (background and sprite tiles) and large sprites (32×32 and higher) on screen, and quickly transfer more unique tiles and large sprites (16×16 and higher) on screen.

The Mega Drive's DMA capabilities also helped give it more flexibility, allowing the hardware to be programmed in various different ways. With DMA programming, it could replicate some of the Super NES's hardware features, such as larger 64×64 sprites (combining 32×32 sprites), background scaling and rotation (like the Sega X Board and Mode 7), and direct color (increasing colors on screen). Other DMA programmable capabilities of the Mega Drive include mid-frame palette swaps (increasing colors per scanline), sprite scaling and rotation, ray casting, bitmap framebuffers, and 3D polygon graphics; the base Mega Drive hardware (without needing any enhancement chips) could render 3D polygons with a performance comparable to the Super NES's optional Super FX enhancement chip, which itself is significantly outperformed by the Mega Drive's optional Sega Virtua Processor (SVP) enhancement chip.

• DMA controller: Sega 315‑5313 VDP (Yamaha YM7101)
  • VRAM transfer per scanline: 205 bytes per VBlank scanline, 18 bytes per active scanline
  • CRAM/VSRAM transfer per scanline: 410 bytes per VBlank scanline, 36 bytes per active scanline
  • VBlank scanlines in standard 224-line display: 38 (NTSC), 88 (PAL)
  • VBlank scanlines in custom 192-line display: 70 (NTSC), 120 (PAL)
  • VBlank scanlines in custom 160-line display: 103 (NTSC), 153 (PAL)
  • Refresh rate: 59.92274 Hz (NTSC), 49.701459 Hz (PAL)
• VRAM bandwidth: 8–11.764705 MB/s (NTSC), 8–8.333333 MB/s (PAL) (see Memory below)
  • Maximum DMA transfer rate: 3.21845 MB/s (inactive display)
  • Maximum DMA transfer per frame: 53.71 KB (NTSC), 63.96 KB (PAL)
  • DMA transfer per frame during active display: 11.822–23.995 KB (NTSC), 22.072–34.245 KB (PAL)
  • DMA transfer rate during active display: 708.406 KB/s to 1.437846 MB/s (NTSC), 1.09701 MB/s to 1.702026 MB/s (PAL)
• CRAM/VSRAM cache bandwidth: 26.846588 MB/s (NTSC), 26.601712 MB/s (PAL) (see Memory below)
  • Maximum DMA transfer rate: 6.4369 MB/s (inactive display)
  • Maximum DMA transfer per frame: 107.42 KB (NTSC), 127.92 KB (PAL)
  • DMA transfer per frame during active display: 23.644–47.99 KB (NTSC), 44.144–68.490 KB (PAL)
  • DMA transfer rate during active display: 1.416813–2.875692 MB/s (NTSC), 2.194021–3.404052 MB/s (PAL)
• Pixel fillrate: 6.934358 MPixels/s (NTSC), 6.650428 MPixels/s (PAL)
  • Maximum write fillrate: 6.4369 MPixels/s, 410 pixels/scanline
  • Maximum write per frame: 107,420 pixels (NTSC), 127,920 pixels (PAL)
  • Write per frame during active display: 23,644–47,990 pixels (NTSC), 44,144–68,490 pixels (PAL)
  • Write fillrate during active display: 1.416813–2.875692 MPixels/s (NTSC), 2.194021–3.404052 MPixels/s (PAL)
• Tile fillrate: 1808 tiles per frame, 108,340 tiles/sec (NTSC), 89,860 tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Texel fillrate: 115,712 texels (1808x 8×8 tiles) per frame, 6.934358 MTexels/s (NTSC), 5.751055 MTexels/s (PAL)
  • Tile transfer per frame during active display: 369–749 tiles (NTSC), 689–1070 tiles (PAL)
• Sprite fillrate: 80 sprites/frame, 4793 sprites/sec (NTSC), 3976 sprites/sec (PAL)
  • Sprite texel fillrate: 320 texels/scanline, 81,920 texels (80× 32×32 sprites) per frame, 4.90887 MTexels/s (NTSC), 4.071543 MTexels/s (PAL)
  • Sprite tile fillrate: 1280 sprite tiles (80x 32×32 sprites) per frame, 76,701 sprite tiles/sec (NTSC), 63,617 sprite tiles/sec (PAL)
  • Sprite display per frame: 80 sprites (8×8 to 32×32), 20 sprites (64×64), 4 sprites (128×128)
    • Sprite display per scanline: 20 sprites (8×8 to 16×16), 13 sprites (24×24), 10 sprites (32×32), 5 sprites (64×64)
  • Sprite transfer per frame during standard 224-line active display:
    • NTSC: 80 sprites (8×8 to 16×16), 41 sprites (24×24), 23 sprites (32×32), 5 sprites (64×64)
    • PAL: 80 sprites (8×8 to 16×16), 76 sprites (24×24), 43 sprites (32×32), 10 sprites (64×64)
  • Sprite transfer per frame during custom 160-line active display:
    • NTSC: 80 sprites (8×8 to 24×24), 46 sprites (32×32), 11 sprites (64×64)
    • PAL: 80 sprites (8×8 to 24×24), 66 sprites (32×32), 16 sprites (64×64)
• Effective fillrate: 2 tilemaps (256×256 to 512×512), 80 sprites (8×8 to 32×32)
  • Effective tile fillrate: 1808–9472 tiles/frame, 108,340–567,588 tiles/sec
  • Effective pixel fillrate: 115,712–606,208 pixels/frame, 6.934358–36.325644 MPixels/s
• Programmable custom resolutions:
  • Display resolutions: 128×160 to 320×160, 128×224 to 160×224
  • Background tilemap planes: 128×160 to 768×512
  • Bitmap framebuffer: Single/Double buffering, 128×160 to 320×408
• Mid-frame palette swap: Can use DMA to change color while drawing each scanline, sending more data/colors to the CRAM and DAC
  • Colors on screen: 75 colors (Sonic 2) to 512 colors (demo with scrolling background)
  • Shadow/Highlight colors on screen: 114 colors (Sonic 2 prototype) to 1536 colors (demo with scrolling background)
  • Colors per pixel: 16 colors (4-bit) to 256 colors (8-bit)
• Direct color: Can use DMA to reprogram CRAM from a color palette to a direct color display
  • Colors on screen: 256 colors (8-bit) to 512 colors (9-bit)
  • Colors per pixel: 256 colors (8-bit) to 512 colors (9-bit)
  • Resolutions: 160×224, 128×224
• 3D polygon graphics: Capable of 3D polygons with stock Mega Drive hardware (without needing enhancement chips), capable of 3D texture mapping, can use DMA to render bitmap framebuffer (double-buffered) that displays 3D polygons
  • Vertex transformations: 10,000 vertices/sec (767 cycles/vertex), 500 vertices/frame
  • Polygon transformations: 3300 polygons/sec (2301 cycles/triangle), 166 polygons/frame
  • Framebuffer rendering: 256×160, double-buffered, 15–30 FPS,
  • Flat shading: 1800 polygons/sec
  • Texture mapping: 1000 polygons/sec
• Other DMA programmable capabilities: Scaling and rotation (like Sega X Board and Mode 7), ray casting
• Optional cartridge enhancement chip: Sega Virtua Processor (only used in Virtua Racing), enhances Mega Drive's 3D polygon performance. It can calculate geometry for 50,000 polygons/sec and render 20,000 polygons/sec. It also has higher memory, bandwidth, fillrate, framebuffer resolution, and frame rate.

Memory

• System RAM: 136 KB
  • Main RAM: 64 KB (repeated over the upper 2 MB of address space)
  • VRAM: 64 KB
    • FPM DRAM: 64 KB
    • SAM buffer cache: 256 bytes
  • Audio RAM: 8 KB
• VDP internal cache: 232 bytes
  • CRAM (Color RAM): 72 bytes (576 bits)
  • VSRAM (Vertical Scrolling RAM): 80 bytes (640 bits)
  • Sprite cache: 80 bytes (640 bits)
• Cartridge memory: 512–8224 KB
  • ROM: 512 KB (4 Mbits) to 8 MB (64 Mbits)
  • SRAM: 8 KB to 32 KB

Configuration

• System memory buses:
  • 16‑bit system bus — 68000 & VDP <‑> Main RAM & Cartridge ROM/RAM
  • 8‑bit system bus — Z80 & YM2612 <‑> Audio RAM
  • 8/16‑bit video bus — VDP <‑> VRAM

• System RAM chips:
  • Main RAM: 16‑bit (2x 8‑bit), PSRAM, 5.263157 MHz (190 ns)
    • CPU access: 5 MHz (200 ns)
  • VRAM: 8/16-bit Dual‑Port VRAM, 16-bit RAM/SRAM, 8-bit RAM (see Mega Drive PCB revisions)
    • FPM DRAM: 2048-bit internal (8x 256-bit arrays), 8-bit external (2x 4‑bit), 11.764705 MHz (NTSC, 85 ns), 8.333333 MHz (PAL, 120 ns), 8 MHz (125 ns, when reading SAM)
    • SAM buffer cache: 8-bit (2x 4‑bit), 13.423294 MHz (NTSC, 74 ns), 13.300856 MHz (PAL, 75 ns), VDP reads continuous stream of video screen refresh data from SAM while reading/writing DRAM
  • Audio RAM: 8‑bit, SRAM/XRAM, 3.030303 MHz (330 ns)
• Cartridge ROM chips: 16‑bit
  • Most cartridges: MROM, 5 MHz (200 ns)
  • Some cartridges: MROM/EPROM, 7.670453 MHz (NTSC), 7.600489 MHz (PAL), 130–131 ns

Bandwidth

• System RAM bandwidth: 21.556617–25.321322 MB/s (NTSC), 21.556617–21.88995 MB/s (PAL)
  • Main RAM: 10.526314 MB/s (16-bit, 5.263157 MHz)
    • CPU access: 5 MB/s (5 MHz)
  • VRAM: 8–11.764705 MB/s (NTSC), 8–8.333333 MB/s (PAL)
    • FPM DRAM: 11.764705 MB/s (NTSC), 8.333333 MB/s (PAL), 8 MB/s (when reading SAM)
    • SAM buffer cache: 13.423294 MB/s (NTSC), 13.300856 MB/s (PAL)
  • Audio RAM: 3.030303 MB/s (8-bit, 3.030303 MHz)
• Cartridge ROM bandwidth: 10 MB/s (most cartridges), 15.200978–15.340906 MB/s (some cartridges)
  • CPU access: 5 MB/s (5 MHz)
• Internal processor bandwidth:
  • 68000 internal bus: 30.681812 MB/s (NTSC, 32-bit, 7.670453 MHz), 30.401956 MB/s (PAL, 32-bit, 7.600489 MHz)
  • Z80 internal bus: 3.579545 MB/s (NTSC), 3.546894 MB/s (PAL)
  • VDP internal RAM cache: 26.846588 MB/s (NTSC, 16-bit, 13.423294 MHz), 26.601712 MB/s (PAL, 16-bit, 13.423294 MHz)

Memory map

Mega Drive Memory Map

Start	End	Size	Description
$000000	$3FFFFF	$400000	ROM Cartridge
$400000	$7FFFFF	$400000	Expansion Port Area (used by the Sega CD)
$800000	$9FFFFF	$200000	Unallocated (used by the Sega 32X)
$A00000	$A0FFFF	$10000	Z80 Memory
$A10000	$A10FFF	only various meaningful	System registers
$A11000	$A11FFF	only $A11100 and $A11200 meaningful	Z80 control (/BUSREQ and /RESET lines)
$A12000	$AFFFFF	only several meaningful	Assorted registers
$B00000	$BFFFFF	$100000	Unallocated
$C00000	$DFFFFF	$1F; mirrored	VDP
$E00000	$FFFFFF	$10000; mirrored	Work RAM (games usually only use the uppermost mirror, at $FF0000)

Input

• Controller input: Two male DE-9 controller ports; one female DE-9 expansion port (early MD1s only)
  • Controller ports support two modes: parallel and serial
  • Parallel supports 7‑bit bidirectional, with the console setting the direction of each bit.
  • Parallel also supports optional active‑low interrupts on the TH line. (mapped to 68000 IRQ 2)
  • Serial mode supports up to 4800 bps. (used by the Mega Modem on port 3)
• Expansion port: Used for Sega CD.
  • Provides access to /FDC ($A120xx) and /DISK to indicate Sega CD presence.
  • Maps Sega CD PRG RAM to $000000 when no cartridge is present, $400000 otherwise.

Comparison

Main article: Blast processing

It was the most powerful console at the time of its release in 1988, surpassing the PC Engine (TurboGrafx-16), and it was not surpassed in power until the Neo Geo in 1990. The Mega Drive is also more powerful than the SNES, released in 1990, whereas the SNES has a larger color palette (see Blast Processing article for detailed technical comparison between the Mega Drive and SNES).

Compared to home computers at the time, it was not as powerful as the Japan-exclusive Sharp X68000 (released 1987) or FM Towns (released 1989). However, the Mega Drive was more powerful than Western home computers in the late '80s, including the Amiga. The Mega Drive's 68000 CPU is clocked at 7.6 MHz, while the Amiga's 68000 CPU is clocked at 7.16 MHz (NTSC) or 7.09 MHz (PAL). The Mega Drive displays eighty 15-color sprites at 32×32 pixels each, while the Amiga displays eight 3-color sprites at 8 pixels wide. The Mega Drive displays 61–64 colors standard and 114–192 colors with Shadow/Highlight, while the Amiga displays 2–32 colors standard and 64 colors with EHB. The Mega Drive's VDP can DMA blit 3.21845–6.4 MB/s bandwidth (6.4 MPixels/s fillrate), while the Amiga's Blitter can blit 1.7725–3.58 MB/s (2.363333–4.773333 MPixels/s with 64 colors). During active display, with 64 colors at 60 FPS, the VDP can write 708 KB/s to 2 MB/s (1.4–2 MPixels/s) during 320×224 display, while the Blitter can write 332.5–700 KB/s (443,333–933,333 pixels/s) during 320×200 display. The Mega Drive supports tilemap backgrounds, reducing processing, memory and bandwidth requirements by up to 64 times compared to the Amiga's bitmap backgrounds, giving the Mega Drive an effective tile fillrate of 6–36 MPixels/s (see Blast Processing above). The Mega Drive has a Z80 sound CPU and supports 10 audio channels, while the Amiga lacks a sound CPU and supports 4 audio channels.

History

Main article: History of the Sega Mega Drive.

Games

Main article: Sega Mega Drive games.

A Japanese Sega Mega Drive (Model 1) overloaded with add-ons including the Sega Mega-CD (Model 1), Sega 32X, Remote Arcade System and Mega-CD Karaoke.

Magazine articles

Main article: Sega Mega Drive/Magazine articles.

Promotional material

Print advertisements

• 

  JP (1)

• 

  JP (2)

• 

  JP (3)

• 

  JP (Sonic the Hedgehog bundle)

• 

  US (2)

• 

  IT (1)

• 

  IT (2)

• 

  ES (1)

• 

  ES (1; variation)

• 

  ES (8-2)

• 

  ES (8-3)

• PacksMegaDrive ES PrintAd 1993-06.jpg

  ES (8; variation 2)

• 

  ES (11-1)

• 

  ES (11-2)

• 1994 05 - Mega 7.jpg

  ES (12)

• 1994 06 - Mega 7.jpg

  ES (12; variation)

• 

  AU (1993-11-21)

• 

  AU (1993-12-05)

• 

  AU (1994-02-20)

• 

  AU (1994-04-03)

• 

  AU (1994-07-03)

• 

  AU (1994-10-16)

• 

  AU (1995-06-18)

Print advert in GamePro (US) #3: "September/October 1989" (1989-xx-xx)
also published in:

• GamePro (US) #4: "November 1989" (1989-xx-xx)
• GamePro (US) #5: "December 1989" (1989-xx-xx)

Print advert in Game Players (US) #0105: "Vol. 1 No. 5 November 1989" (1989-1x-xx)
also published in:

• VideoGames & Computer Entertainment (US) #11: "December 1989" (1989-1x-xx)
• Game Players (US) #0106: "Vol. 1 No. 6 December 1989" (1989-1x-xx)

Print advert in Electronic Gaming Monthly (US) #27: "October 1991" (1991-xx-xx)

Print advert in Electronic Gaming Monthly (US) #30: "January 1992" (199x-xx-xx)

Print advert in ACE (UK) #37: "October 1990" (1990-09-xx)
also published in:

• Computer & Video Games (UK) #107: "October 1990" (1990-09-16)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #108: "November 1990" (1990-10-16)
also published in:

• ACE (UK) #38: "November 1990" (1990-10-xx)

Print advert in Sega Power (UK) #13: "December 1990" (1990-11-01)
also published in:

• ACE (UK) #39: "December 1990" (1990-11-xx)
• Computer & Video Games (UK) #109: "December 1990" (1990-11-16)

Print advert in Sega Power (UK) #14: "January 1991" (1990-12-06)
also published in:

• Raze (UK) #3: "January 1991" (1990-11-29)
• Computer & Video Games (UK) #110: "January 1991" (1990-12-15)
• Raze (UK) #4: "February 1991" (1990-12-20)
• Raze (UK) #5: "March 1991" (1991-01-31)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #111: "February 1991" (1991-01-16)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #113: "April 1991" (1991-03-16)
also published in:

• Computer & Video Games (UK) #114: "May 1991" (1991-04-14)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #122: "January 1992" (1991-12-15)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #126: "May 1992" (1992-04-15)

Print advert in Computer & Video Games (UK) #157: "December 1994" (1994-11-15)

Print advert in Player One (FR) #1: "Septembre 1990" (1990-xx-xx)
also published in:

• Joystick (FR) #9: "Octobre 1990" (1990-xx-xx)

Print advert in Joystick (FR) #27: "Mai 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
also published in:

• Joystick (FR) #29: "Juillet/Août 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
• Joypad (FR) #9: "Juin 1992" (1992-05-1x)

[[File:No resultsLogo-pdf.svg|120x120px|link=https://segaretro.org/index.php?title=File:Joypad_FR_009.pdf&page=134]]

Print advert in Power Play (DE)

[[File:No resultsLogo-pdf.svg]]

[[File:No resultsLogo-pdf.svg|120x120px|link=https://segaretro.org/index.php?title=File:Joypad_FR_009.pdf&page=155]]

Print advert in Power Play (DE)
also published in:

• Power Play (DE)

[[File:No resultsLogo-pdf.svg]]

Print advert in Gamers (DE) #1992-01: "Februar/März 1992" (1992-xx-xx)

Print advert in Video Games (DE) #1992-11: "11/92" (1992-10-28)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #2: "Noviembre 1991" (1991-1x-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #7: "Abril 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
also published in:

• Hobby Consolas (ES) #8: "Mayo 1992" (1992-0x-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #9: "Junio 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
also published in:

• Hobby Consolas (ES) #10: "Julio 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
• Hobby Consolas (ES) #11: "Agosto 1992" (1992-0x-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #12: "Septiembre 1992" (1992-0x-xx)
also published in:

• Hobby Consolas (ES) #13: "Octubre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
• Mega Force (ES) #5: "Septiembre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #13: "Octubre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
also published in:

• Mega Force (ES) #6: "Octubre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #14: "Noviembre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
also published in:

• Hobby Consolas (ES) #15: "Diciembre 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
• Hobby Consolas (ES) #16: "Enero 1993" (199x-xx-xx)
• OK Consolas (ES) #12: "xxxx 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
• Micromanía (segunda época) (ES) #56: "Enero 1993" (199x-xx-xx)
• Micromanía (segunda época) (ES) #57: "Febrero 1993" (1993-0x-xx)

Print advert in Micromanía (segunda época) (ES) #60: "Mayo 1993" (1993-0x-xx)

Print advert in Micromanía (segunda época) (ES) #61: "Junio 1993" (1993-0x-xx)

Print advert in Todo Sega (ES) #9: "Diciembre 1993" (1993-1x-xx)
also published in:

• Micromanía (segunda época) (ES) #68: "Enero 1994" (199x-xx-xx)

Print advert in Hobby Consolas (ES) #37: "Octubre 1994" (1994-xx-xx)

Print advert in K (IT) #22: "Novembre 1990" (1990-xx-xx)
also published in:

• K (IT) #23: "Dicembre 1990" (1990-xx-xx)
• Guida Video Giochi (IT) #16: "Novembre 1990" (1990-1x-xx)
• Guida Video Giochi (IT) #17: "Dicembre 1990" (1990-1x-xx)

Print advert in K (IT) #24: "Gennaio 1991" (199x-xx-xx)
also published in:

• K (IT) #25: "Febbraio 1991" (199x-xx-xx)
• K (IT) #26: "Marzo 1991" (1991-xx-xx)

Print advert in K (IT) #27: "Aprile 1991" (1991-xx-xx)

Print advert in Mega Force (PT) #1: "Junho 1993" (1993-0x-xx)

Print advert in Mega Force (PT) #1: "Junho 1993" (1993-0x-xx)

Print advert in Mega Force (PT) #3: "Agosto 1993" (1993-0x-xx)
also published in:

• Bestial! (PT) #3: "xxxx xxxx" (1993-xx-xx)

Print advert in Sega Force (SE) #1992-01: "1/92" (1992-xx-xx)
also published in:

• Sega Force (SE) #1992-02: "2/92" (1992-11-19)
• Sega Force (SE) #1993-01: "1/93" (1993-01-14)
• Sega Force (SE) #1993-02: "2/93" (1993-03-18)

Print advert in Video Game (BR) #2: "Abril 1991" (1991-xx-xx)

Retailers

Toys 'R' Us print advert in Sega Visions (US) #1: "June/July 1990" (1990-xx-xx)

Kay-Bee print advert in Sega Visions (US) #1: "June/July 1990" (1990-xx-xx)

Sears print advert in Sega Visions (US) #9: "August/September 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
also published in:

• Sega Visions (US) #10: "November/December 1992" (1992-xx-xx)
• Electronic Gaming Monthly (US) #bg93: "1993 Video Game Buyer's Guide" (199x-xx-xx)
• Sega Visions (US) #11: "February/March 1993" (199x-xx-xx)

Pamphlets

• 

  AU

Television advertisements

• JP (Sonic the Hedgehog bundle)

• US ("we bring the arcade experience home")

• US ("new generation")

• US ("Genesis does sports")

• US ("Blast Processing")

• UK ("Cyber Razor Cut")

• UK ("Cyber Razor Cut" 2)

• UK ("Cyber Razor Cut" 4)

• UK ("Squeezer")

• DE ("Sega TV")

• DE (Magnum Set)

• NL

• AU

• KR (Super Gam*Boy)

• KR (Super Aladdin Boy)

• PT

Artwork

• 

  Japanese logo

• 

  North American logo

• 

  European/Australian logo

• 

  Brazillian logo

• 

  Asian logo

References

Sega Home Video Game Systems
83	84	85	86	87	88	89	90	91	92	93	94	95	96	97	98	99	00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	10	11
SG-1000	SG-1000 II				Mega Drive					Mega Drive II
SC-3000								Mega-CD		Mega-CD II					Genesis 3
		Sega Mark III									32X				Dreamcast
			Master System				Master System II
			AI Computer				Game Gear
											Saturn
										Pico													Beena