Difference between revisions of "Rieko Kodama"
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==Career== | ==Career== | ||
− | Kodama was hired by [[Sega]] in 1984 through one of her colleagues who was already employed there. {{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} She originally thought she was going to be working on advertising and graphic design, but after seeing the game development department, she felt that would be fun as well.{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} She learned how to create graphics from Yoshiki Kawasaki, the sprite artist behind [[Flicky]] | + | Kodama was hired by [[Sega]] in 1984 through one of her colleagues who was already employed there. {{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} She originally thought she was going to be working on advertising and graphic design, but after seeing the game development department, she felt that would be fun as well.{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} She learned how to create graphics from Yoshiki Kawasaki, the sprite artist behind ''[[Flicky]]''. {{ref|http://shmuplations.com/phantasystar/}} Her first job was as character designer for the arcade game ''[[Champion Boxing]]''.{{ref|http://www.sega-16.com/2004/08/sega-stars-rieko-kodama/}} She continued to work on other arcade games such as ''[[Sega Ninja]]''. Because development times were short and Sega was low on design staff, Kodama would sometimes work on five to six games at once. She designed the art for ''[[Alex Kidd in Miracle World]]''{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} was "deeply involved" with the arcade and [[Master System]] versions of ''[[Quartet]]'' (1986),{{ref|"Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama". Nintendo Power. No. 251. February 2010. pp. 80–82.}} and created art for the Master System port of [[Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa]] (1987).{{ref|http://www.sega-16.com/2004/08/sega-stars-rieko-kodama/}} Kodama received small requests to design assets for other projects on a daily basis, such as the dragon from ''[[Miracle Warriors: Seal of the Dark Lord]]'' and an enemy for the [[SG-1000]] port for ''[[The Black Onyx]]''.{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} Kodama served as editor for the Japanese Sega newsletter [[Sega Players Enjoy Club]].{{ref|http://shmuplations.com/phantasystar/}} |
With the popularity of Enix's ''[[wikipedia:Dragon Quest|Dragon Quest]]'' role-playing game series on the [[Famicom]] in the mid-1980s, Sega formed a team of several people to develop a competing RPG for the Master System, titled ''[[Phantasy Star]]'' (1987). Kodama served as the main artist for the game, designing the characters, the 2D environments, the battle screen backgrounds, non-playable characters, and other details.{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} ''[[wikipedia:Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' was one of Kodama's favorite film series and was a significant inspiration for her when designing artwork for ''Phantasy Star''. She enjoyed the way ''Star Wars'' took elements from Japanese and Asian culture and infused it with a science fiction setting. Following this notion, she gave the science fiction world of ''Phantasy Star'' a Western folklore feel and gave the characters medieval clothes.{{ref|"Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama". Nintendo Power. No. 251. February 2010. pp. 80–82.}}{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} | With the popularity of Enix's ''[[wikipedia:Dragon Quest|Dragon Quest]]'' role-playing game series on the [[Famicom]] in the mid-1980s, Sega formed a team of several people to develop a competing RPG for the Master System, titled ''[[Phantasy Star]]'' (1987). Kodama served as the main artist for the game, designing the characters, the 2D environments, the battle screen backgrounds, non-playable characters, and other details.{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} ''[[wikipedia:Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' was one of Kodama's favorite film series and was a significant inspiration for her when designing artwork for ''Phantasy Star''. She enjoyed the way ''Star Wars'' took elements from Japanese and Asian culture and infused it with a science fiction setting. Following this notion, she gave the science fiction world of ''Phantasy Star'' a Western folklore feel and gave the characters medieval clothes.{{ref|"Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama". Nintendo Power. No. 251. February 2010. pp. 80–82.}}{{ref|https://web.archive.org/web/20160407063955/http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html}} |
Revision as of 16:36, 24 September 2023
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Rieko Kodama |
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Place of birth: Kanagawa, Japan |
Date of birth: 1963-05-23 |
Date of death: 2022-05-09[1] (age 58) |
Employment history: Sega of Japan (1984[2] – )
Divisions:
Divisions:
|
Role(s): Designer, Director, Producer |
Twitter: @phoenix_rie |
This teeny-tiny article needs some work. You can help us by expanding it.
Rieko Kodama (小玉 理恵子) (perhaps better known by her alias, Phoenix Rie) was a major designer for the original Phantasy Star series. By the time her work on the Phantasy Star games had concluded, Kodama had taken on directorial roles within her department (for Phantasy Star IV and later Magic Knight Rayearth) and would later act as a producer for titles including Skies of Arcadia and the 2005 incarnation of Altered Beast.
Kodama credited herself as "Phoenix Rie", "Phenix Rie", or some close variation in many of her early works. This was because at the time Sega did not allow developers to place their real names in their games.[6] The pseudonym was based on the manga character Phoenix Ikki from Saint Seiya.[7][8]
She was mentored by Yoshiki Kawasaki in her first year at Sega.[9]
Contents
Career
Kodama was hired by Sega in 1984 through one of her colleagues who was already employed there. [10] She originally thought she was going to be working on advertising and graphic design, but after seeing the game development department, she felt that would be fun as well.[10] She learned how to create graphics from Yoshiki Kawasaki, the sprite artist behind Flicky. [11] Her first job was as character designer for the arcade game Champion Boxing.[12] She continued to work on other arcade games such as Sega Ninja. Because development times were short and Sega was low on design staff, Kodama would sometimes work on five to six games at once. She designed the art for Alex Kidd in Miracle World[10] was "deeply involved" with the arcade and Master System versions of Quartet (1986),[13] and created art for the Master System port of Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa (1987).[12] Kodama received small requests to design assets for other projects on a daily basis, such as the dragon from Miracle Warriors: Seal of the Dark Lord and an enemy for the SG-1000 port for The Black Onyx.[10] Kodama served as editor for the Japanese Sega newsletter Sega Players Enjoy Club.[11]
With the popularity of Enix's Dragon Quest role-playing game series on the Famicom in the mid-1980s, Sega formed a team of several people to develop a competing RPG for the Master System, titled Phantasy Star (1987). Kodama served as the main artist for the game, designing the characters, the 2D environments, the battle screen backgrounds, non-playable characters, and other details.[10] Star Wars was one of Kodama's favorite film series and was a significant inspiration for her when designing artwork for Phantasy Star. She enjoyed the way Star Wars took elements from Japanese and Asian culture and infused it with a science fiction setting. Following this notion, she gave the science fiction world of Phantasy Star a Western folklore feel and gave the characters medieval clothes.[13][10]
One of the key design philosophies for Phantasy Star was to do things differently from existing RPGs, particularly the Dragon Quest series which she believed was too simple and pure of a fantasy world.[10] [14] One such challenge to differentiate Phantasy Star was to create a female hero.[14] The female protagonist Alis, and another character, Lutz, were designed by Kodama. Other characters, as well as the game's monsters, were designed by other people.[10] In the original story drafts, Lutz was written as intersex, and could become either male or female later in the game. She thought this was interesting, so chose to give Lutz an androgynous appearance in the final game.[11] In this game and later Phantasy Star games, Kodama enjoyed creating a cast of characters uniting for a common purpose, regardless of gender, species, or home planet.[14]
Phantasy Star was a critical and commercial success and a benchmark title for both the industry and the RPG genre. In later years, Kodama continued her work on the Phantasy Star series. She again led the graphic design for Phantasy Star II and later directed Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium.[12][13] She helped during the planning stages of Phantasy Star III: Generations of Doom.[6] She also supervised the development of both Sega Saturn and Game Boy Advance compilations named Phantasy Star Collection as well as remakes of Phantasy Star and Phantasy Star II for the PlayStation 2.[6]
Beyond working on the Phantasy Star series during the Sega Mega Drive years, Kodama created artwork for other Sega games including Mega Drive versions of Sorcerian Kujaku Ou, Altered Beast, Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle, Kujaku Ou 2: Geneijou, Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Sonic the Hedgehog 2.[12] After her success in directing Phantasy Star IV, she directed Magic Knight Rayearth, an RPG for the Sega Saturn based on the manga series of the same name.[12][13] She was involved in all aspects of the game including sales and marketing.[7]
Kodama soon became a producer at the Overworks (later Sega Wow) subsidiary and led the development of Skies of Arcadia, which released for the Sega Dreamcast in 2000.[15] As her first 3D RPG, Kodama felt her freedom of expression had expanded. The project began because her team wanted to create a completely 3D RPG for the Sega Saturn. The project was moved to the Dreamcast when the content became too large for the Saturn to process.[16] According to Kodama, a defining element during development was to not rely on advanced graphics and particularly the CGI movies that were popular in games at the time, which Kodama felt took control away from the player.[13][15] Kodama has stated that Skies of Arcadia along with the Phantasy Star series were her favorite projects she worked on.[13][6]
In the mid-2000s, Kodama served as producer on edutainment games for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable.[14] Her last notable work was leading the production of the 7th Dragon series.[13] In 2018, she was the lead producer of the Sega Ages series.[17]
Death
A memorial message dedicated to Kodama was included in the end credits of the Sega Genesis Mini 2, which was released on October 27, 2022.[18] Addressing inquiries by IGN and Famitsu, Sega confirmed that Kodama had died on May 9, 2022, at 58 years old,[19][20] and initially refrained from a public announcement to respect her family's privacy.[21]
Production history
Games
- Champion Boxing (SG-1000; 1984) — Artist
- Champion Boxing (Arcade; 1984) — Artist
- Ninja Princess (System 1; 1985) — Artist
- Great Baseball (Master System; 1985) — Artist
- Ninja Princess (SG-1000; 1986) — Artist
- Quartet (System 16; 1986) — Artist
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World (Master System; 1986) — Art Designer (as Rie Wakashimazu)
- Quartet (Master System; 1987) — Artist
- The Black Onyx (SG-1000; 1987) — Additional Graphics
- Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa (Master System; 1987) — Designer
- Miracle Warriors: Seal of the Dark Lord (Master System; 1987) — Additional Artwork
- Phantasy Star (Master System; 1987) — Total Design[22] (as Phoehix Rie)
- Hoshi o Sagashite... (Master System; 1988) — デザイン (as ふぇにっくす りえ)
- Kujaku Ou (Master System; 1988) — Designer (as Phoenix Rie)
- Altered Beast (Mega Drive; 1988) — Designer[23] (as Phoenix Rie)
- Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle (Mega Drive; 1989) — Designer
- Poseidon Wars 3D (Master System; 1989) — Graphic Designer (as La-Rie)
- Phantasy Star II (Mega Drive; 1989) — Designers[24] (as Phoenix Rie)
- World Cup Soccer (Mega Drive; 1989) — Artist (as フェニックスりえ)
- SpellCaster (Master System; 1989) — Designer (as Phoenix Rie)
- Kujaku Ou 2: Geneijou (Mega Drive; 1989) — Graphics Designed by[25] (as Phenix Rie)
- Mystic Defender (Mega Drive; 1989) — Graphics Designed by[26] (as Phenix Rie)
- Sorcerian (Mega Drive; 1990) — Graphic Designed[27] (as Phenix Rie)
- Phantasy Star III: Generations of Doom (Mega Drive; 1990) — Special Thanks[28] (as Phenix Rie)
- Strider (Mega Drive; 1990) — Special Thanks to[29] (as Larie)
- Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse (Mega Drive; 1990) — Artists[30] (as La-Rie)
- Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi (Mega Drive; 1990) — Graphic Design[31] (as Phenix Rie)
- Advanced Daisenryaku: Deutsch Dengeki Sakusen (Mega Drive; 1991) — Model Maker[32] (as Phenix Rie)
- Sonic the Hedgehog (Mega Drive; 1991) — Design[33] (as Phenix Rie)
- Riddle Wired (Mega Drive; 1991) — And Special Thanks[34] (as Phenix-Rie)
- Tougi Ou King Colossus (Mega Drive; 1992) — Special thanks to[35] (as Phenix Rie)
- Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II (Mega Drive; 1992) — Designer[36] (as Phenix Rie)
- Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (Mega Drive; 1992) — Zone Artists[37] (as Phenix Rie)
- Sonic the Hedgehog CD (Mega-CD; 1993) — Special Thanks[38] (as Phenix Rie)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Battle B-G Design[39] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Field Graphic Design[39] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Object Design[39] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Visual Event Graphic[39] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Direction[39] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (Mega Drive; 1993) — Directors[40]
- Phantasy Star (Mega Drive; 1994) — Back Cover Artwork
- The Hybrid Front (Mega Drive; 1994) — 開発協力[41] (as フェニックスりえ)
- Magic Knight Rayearth (Saturn; 1995) — ディレクター[42] (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Magic Knight Rayearth (Saturn; 1995) — Director
- Sonic the Hedgehog CD (Windows PC; 1996) — Special Thanks[43] (as Phenix Rie)
- Deep Fear (Saturn; 1998) — Producers[44]
- Atsumare! Guru Guru Onsen (Dreamcast; 1999) — プロデューサー (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Skies of Arcadia (Dreamcast; 2000) — プロデューサー (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Skies of Arcadia (Dreamcast; 2000) — Producer
- Phantasy Star Collection (Game Boy Advance; 2002) — Supervisors[45]
- Skies of Arcadia (GameCube; 2002) — Producer
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 1: Phantasy Star Generation: 1 (PlayStation 2; 2003) — スペシャルサンクス (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Altered Beast (PlayStation 2; 2005) — Producer
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star Generation: 2 (PlayStation 2; 2005) — パッケージ (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis (Game Boy Advance; 2006) — Design[46] (as Phenix Rie)
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 32: Phantasy Star Complete Collection (PlayStation 2; 2008) — Special Thanks
- Zombie Shiki - Eigo Ryoku Sosei Jutsu: English of the Dead (Nintendo DS; 2008) — プロデューサー (as 小玉 理恵子)
- 7th Dragon (Nintendo DS; 2009) — Producer (as 小玉 理恵子)
- 7th Dragon 2020 (PlayStation Portable; 2011) — Producer (as 小玉 理恵子)
- Sonic the Hedgehog CD (Xbox 360; 2011) — Special Thanks (as Phenix Rie)
- Sonic the Hedgehog CD (PlayStation 3; 2011) — Special Thanks (as Phenix Rie)
- 7th Dragon 2020-II (PlayStation Portable; 2013) — Producer (as 小玉 理恵子)
- 7th Dragon III Code: VFD (Nintendo 3DS; 2015) — Co-Producer
- Sega Ages Sonic the Hedgehog (Nintendo Switch; 2018) — Producer
- Sega Ages Thunder Force IV (Nintendo Switch; 2018) — Producer
- Sega Ages Phantasy Star (Nintendo Switch; 2018) — Producer
- Sega Heroes (Android; 2018) — Phantasy Star
- Sega Ages OutRun (Nintendo Switch; 2018) — Producer
- Sega Ages Puyo Puyo (Nintendo Switch; 2019) — Producer
- Sega Ages Virtua Racing (Nintendo Switch; 2019) — Producer
- Sega Ages Wonder Boy: Monster Land (Nintendo Switch; 2019) — Producer
- Sega Ages Columns II (Nintendo Switch; 2019) — Producer
- Sega Ages Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (Nintendo Switch; 2020) — Producer
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World DX (PlayStation 4; 2021) — (SEGA Development Team)
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World DX (PlayStation 5; 2021) — (SEGA Development Team)
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World DX (Xbox One; 2021) — (SEGA Development Team)
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World DX (Nintendo Switch; 2021) — (SEGA Development Team)
- Alex Kidd in Miracle World DX (Steam; 2021) — (SEGA Development Team)
Music
- Phantasy Star Collection: Sound Collection I (CD; 1993) — Special Thanks to
- Phantasy Star Collection: Sound Collection II (CD; 1993) — Special Thanks to (as Phoenix Rie)
- Deep Fear (CD; 1998) — Producers
- Eternal Arcadia Original Sound Track (CD; 2000) — Executive Producer[47]
- S.S.T. Band: 30th Anniversary Box (CD; 2018) — Special Thanks
- Sega Ages OutRun: Music Collection (CD; 2019) — Special Thanks
- Skies of Arcadia Eternal Soundtrack (CD; 2019) — Special Thanks
- G-LOC Air Battle: Series Music Collection (CD; 2020) — Special Thanks
- Technosoft Music Collection: Thunder Force III & AC (CD; 2020) — Special Thanks
- Technosoft Music Collection: Herzog & Herzog Zwei (CD; 2020) — Special Thanks
- Technosoft Music Collection: Thunder Force IV (CD; 2021) — Special Thanks
- Technosoft Music Collection: Thunder Force I & II (CD; 2022) — Special Thanks
- Aleste Collection: Music Album (CD; 2022) — Special Thanks
- Sega Archives - M2 Music Memorial - (CD; 2023)
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 1: Phantasy Star generation:1 (2003) — Special Thanks (Overworks)
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 17: Phantasy Star generation:2 (2005) — Special Thanks (Sega Wow Div)
- Naruhodo (2006-2008) — General credit for series
- Sega Ages 2500 Series Vol. 32: Phantasy Star Complete Collection (2008) — Special Thanks
- 7th Dragon III Code: VFD (2015) — Co-Producer
Magazine articles
- Main article: Rieko Kodama/Magazine articles.
Interviews
Some or all of the following content should be mirrored on Sega Retro (or Retro CDN). |
Photographs
- Main article: Photos of Rieko Kodama
External links
- Rieko Kodama at Twitter
- Sega Stars: Rieko Kodama article by Ken Horowitz at Sega-16
- Trailblazing Sega Dev Rieko Kodama To Be Honored With Pioneer Award At GDC 2019 article at Game Developers Conference
- Rieko Kodama GDC Pioneer Award Interview translated article by Brian Clark at One Million Power
- Kodama and M2 on Phantasy Star, what development was like in 1987, SEGA Ages games on Switch, lots more translated article by Oni Dino at Nintendo Everything
References
- ↑ @nakayuji on Twitter (archive.today)
- ↑ https://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html (Wayback Machine: 2022-04-07 07:41)
- ↑ File:Sega_Consumer_History_JP_EnterBrain_Book.pdf, page 58
- ↑ File:Sega_Consumer_History_JP_EnterBrain_Book.pdf, page 59
- ↑ Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 http://www.the-nextlevel.com/feature/interview-rieko-kodama (Wayback Machine: 2017-09-16 01:05)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 https://www.destructoid.com/a-chat-with-sega-s-first-lady-of-rpgs-rieko-kodama-532348.phtml
- ↑ http://retronauts.com/article/1956/rieko-kodama-pioneering-sega-developer-dies-at-59
- ↑ https://shmuplations.com/phantasystar/
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 http://sega.jp/fb/album/07_ps/interview1.html (Wayback Machine: 2016-04-07 06:39)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 http://shmuplations.com/phantasystar/
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 http://www.sega-16.com/2004/08/sega-stars-rieko-kodama/
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 ["Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama". Nintendo Power. No. 251. February 2010. pp. 80–82. "Power Profiles: Rieko Kodama". Nintendo Power. No. 251. February 2010. pp. 80–82.]
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 http://www.g-wie-gorilla.de/content/view/161/18/ (Wayback Machine: 2013-12-12 11:15)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 http://archive.gamespy.com/tgs2002/skiesofarcadia/ (Wayback Machine: 2008-06-27 07:26)
- ↑ [Szczepaniak, John (2018). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers Vol. 3. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 338–339. Szczepaniak, John (2018). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers Vol. 3. SMG Szczepaniak. pp. 338–339.]
- ↑ https://www.ndw.jp/2651-2/
- ↑ https://www.gameinformer.com/obituary/2022/10/27/rieko-kodama-pioneering-sega-developer-behind-phantasy-star-skies-of-arcadia
- ↑ https://www.famitsu.com/news/202210/27280651.html
- ↑ https://jp.ign.com/sega/63465/news/
- ↑ https://www.ign.com/articles/rieko-kodama-has-reportedly-died-sega
- ↑ File:Phantasy Star SMS credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Altered Beast MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Phantasy Star II MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Kujaku Ou 2 MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Mystic Defender MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Sorcerian MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Phantasy Star III MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Strider MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Castle of Illusion MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Shadow Dancer MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Advanced Daisenryaku MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Sonic the Hedgehog MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Riddle Wired MD credits.png
- ↑ File:Tougi Ou King Colossus MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Super Monaco GP II MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Sonic the Hedgehog 2 MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Sonic CD MCD JP credits.pdf
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 File:Phantasy Star Sennenki no Owari ni MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Psiv md us manual.pdf, page 42
- ↑ File:Hybrid Front MD credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Mahou Kishi Rayearth Saturn credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Sonic CD PC DirectX good ending credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Deep Fear Saturn credits.pdf
- ↑ File:Phantasy Star Collection GBA manual.pdf, page 19
- ↑ File:SonicGenesis GBA US manual.pdf, page 18
- ↑ File:EternalArcadiaOST CD JP Booklet.pdf, page 7
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