History of Sega in China

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History of Sega in China
Official Sega distributor(s): Hiroshima Trading (198x-199x), WKK Industries China (1993-1995), Dynastar Technology Co., Ltd (1995-1997), Stone International Trading Co., Ltd (1997-1998), Culture and Entertainment Co., Ltd (1998-1999), Gameson Trading (1999-2001), Matrix Interactive (2001-2002), AtGames (2005-2015), CE-Asia (2008-present)

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The history of Sega in Greater China could be seen in three perspectives - Taiwan, Hong Kong and presented in this article Mainland China.

Hiroshima Trading

Master System label from Hiroshima Trading

The Mainland China market was first open to video game consoles in 1988[1]. Before that, gaming systems were known from arcade machines, which after it's introduction here in early 80s became more popular with every year and small number of first and second-generation consoles like CY-A or YQ-1 pong systems produced locally or imported consoles (usually Atari 2600 or Pong consoles from Hong Kong or Taiwan)[2].

Sega Master System was the first documented console to be sold officially in China[3]. It was distributed by Japanese-based company Hiroshima Trading (广岛交易株式会社) starting from late 1980s to early 1990s[4], but it was forgotten due to growing popularity of famiclones at the same time[5].

Until August 1992, 85% of Sega's hardware and software for export, were produced in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong[6].

WKK, Huahan Culture Entertainment, EFA

Mega Drive from WKK
Mega Drive 2 by Dynastar Technology

Hong Kong's distributor of Sega - WKK began distribution of Master System II, starting from July 1993 by it's division called WKK Industries China, but sales were minimal. In October 1993, WKK began test market of Sega Mega Drive model I, hoping for better results[7][8].

In Christmas 1993, Sega signed an agreement with Huahan Culture Entertainment in Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, Beijing with a purpose of creating new company. On December 13, 1994, formed Sega Huahan Culture Entertainment to develop, produce and promote games for Chinese video arcade market, manage amusement facilities and sell professional equipment in China[9]. Arcades produced by Sega were popular in here for many years[10][11]. Namco, Taito, Konami and Atlus also opened their representative offices in China for arcade sales in similar time[12].

In November 1994, WKK organised special exhibition in Shanghai called Chinese Consumer Electronics Show, where it presented many systems and games for Chinese audience including Mega Drive 2, Game Gear, Super 32X, Sega Saturn and arcade systems like Super Megalo. These promotional activities were related to the Nintendo entering the market this year with the Game Boy and Super Nintendo, distributed by Mani Limited from Hong Kong. Two more producers were invited on exhibition as a guests - Goldstar with 3DO and U.M.C with Super A'Can prototype, but these two systems enjoyed little attention from visitors compare to Sega products[13][14]. WKK said that sell of Mega Drive systems is still very small due to it's price (¥800 for console, ¥200-¥400 for software)[13]. In mid-1995, it was reported that the Mega Drive console had 30,000 - 40,000 users, in comparison, the Super Nintendo had 5,000 - 7,000 users and the 3DO approximately 500 - 700[15]. WKK had the most developed dealer network in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and the biggest obstacle to its further development was piracy, although there were rumors that Sega already had plans to solve this problem. It also revealed plans about building factory of Sega games in China[16]. Other competition in Chinese market included SNK, which shipped its Neo Geo and Neo Geo CD through a Hong Kong agency, and UMC along with the portable Gamate[17][18].

In 1995, Sega decided create a joint venture between EFA Corporation (忆华电机) from Taiwan (known from producing Sega consoles to export) and established the Dynastar Technology Co., Ltd (华星电子科技有限公司) in Shantou in order to produce cheap Mega Drive 2 and Game Gear to sell in China[19]. These consoles were produced and sold to at least late 1997.

Fight with piracy

SB-16C by Subor
Advert of New Star FDC-2000 educational computer, one of the more advanced Sega clones at the time, released in 1995

The piracy of Mega Drive consoles and games was very strong in the region and started sometimes around 1992. From early 1990s to this day, countless clones have been produced in China and exact numbers are still unknown, because their production took place on a huge scale and apart from clones with changed names and packaging many of them are still simply called "Mega Drives", only with different manufacturers or components. It is also difficult to determine which ones were intended for export and which ones for the domestic market.

In mid-1990s the most popular producer of 16-bit Sega bootlegs was Tianjing Newstar Electronics., Ltd. (天津市新星电子) with it's New Star clone series. Others included Shenchu Electronic, Shanghai Huze Electronics Co., Pride Sky Limited, Subor, BBK Electronics (called also BBG Electronics), Beijing Aipu Electromechanical Development Co. Ltd. and many more. Like clones, the number of producers and distributors dealing with it until present times, is impossible to determine. From 1994, Sega started suing numerous Mega Drive clone producers from China[20]. The main goal was not only to reduce clones on the local market but also on the global one, because many products were sent abroad where they competed with the original systems. For example, in early 1995, Sega loose 70% of Hong Kong market, because of bootlegs from China[21].

On March 9, 1995, Sega reached an agreement with Chinese government to took legal action in order to minimalize piracy of Sega systems.[22][23]With this, the largest game console wholesaler in Beijing and other "Sega" games stores were seized. Very huge amounts of pirated consoles and cartridges were confiscated and eventually destroyed. These actions almost caused the collapse of the Chinese gaming market. The first reason was that economy was mainly based on piracy, because most people didn't had money to original video games and ridding of the bootlegs means shrinking of market size. The second one was long-term attack on gaming by two sides - the media and educational circles due to the bad nature of video games, which now had third side - the government who under reason of copyright protection decrease market. Despite the sharp start, further actions weren't as strong and piracy still continued, causing stabilization of this specific market[24]. In mid-1995, the clones of first Mega Drive cost ¥580-¥620 and second MD cost ¥640-¥680[25].

In addition to piracy, parallel imports also existed and were a large part of the market. The origins are dated in 1988, immediately after China opened up to the console market and it functioned, due to the initial lack of official representatives of foreign producers on the Chinese market and later due to the weakness of the representing agencies. The consoles were imported from Japan and most of them were available immediately after their release in that country, such Mega Drive which right after Japanese release was sold by importers for more than ¥1500. In mid-1995 Mega Drive model I cost ¥700-¥850, Game Gear cost ¥700-¥850, Mega Jet cost ¥800-¥850, Mega Drive model II cost ¥950-¥1200, Super 32X cost ¥1900-¥1950, Mega-CD II cost ¥1700-¥2200, Multi Mega cost ¥2450-¥2600 and Sega Saturn cost ¥4800-¥5300[26]. However, the problem for importers was the high customs duty, which was one of the reasons for the beginnings of piracy in the late 1980s/early 1990s.

UMC, Stone Group and Tianli

Saturn advert from Stone
One of the Tianli-Sega VCD players

From 1988, Chinese market of video game console was still growing up. By 1992, sales of consoles exceeded 10 million units; by 1994, annual production of game consoles exceeded 6 million units (legal, illegal, for the domestic market, for export). With the end of 1995, Chinese market was dominated by 8-bit Famicom clones which sold 1.5 milion units in 1995 and 30 milion units from 1988-1995, but this year stood under decline of it's sales. The growth was seen in 16-bit consoles which sold 1 milion units in 1995 and few milions from 1990-1995. Nearly all of this systems were Mega Drive clones and rest was imported or officially sold MD consoles, Super Nintendo with it's clones like Gentry Micro Genius 16-bit and Super A'Can. Separate group were so-called "educational computers", that is consoles with computer keyboard (almost all of them were 8-bit Famicom's with few 16-bit MD models), which sold about 1 million in 1995, that is only 1/3 of results from 1994. The third power were 32-bit consoles, sold only from 1 year and had 30,000 users with Sega Saturn as dominate system (15,000 units), next was PlayStation (7,000 units) and others (8,000 units). Sells of arcade machines was estimated for around 100,000 units in 1 year (both new and used) and most popular were those made by Sega and Namco[27][28].

In order to stop Nintendo's growth in Asia, Sega signed in September 1996 an agreement with U.M.C from Taiwan to produce cheap Mega Drive systems for Asian markets. These systems were supposed to be available alongside the ones, directly produce by Sega. The Chinese price of UMC's Mega Drive 2 was established as ¥450[29]. The production of the Mega Drive compatible systems for the Asian market continued into the early 2000s and one of the last was the plug and play Mega Drive 3 released for Asian markets (including China). Before this deal, UMC distributed in China it's own systems - 8-bit portable Gamate and 16-bit Super A'Can console, which all competed with Sega.

When Sony announced in mid-1996, that they are creating distribution network in Asia for its console, Sega started in July 1996 looking for a new partner in China. In January 1997, Stone International Trading Co., Ltd (四通集团) announced that they have a authorization from Sega to sell Sega Saturn and Sega Pico in China[30]. They also announced that are looking for distributors and called existing importers of Saturn to contact the Stone for to authorization of the sales. The company said that they will do inspections across the country and those who will not cooperate will be classified as illegal sellers.[31] It is worth noting that Stone Group is probably the first Chinese company to obtain authorization to sell any foreign console. Until then, the agents were companies not from the mainland (from Hong Kong or Taiwan) which delivered products directly to stores in China. Up to this point in China, the imported Saturn dominated the 32-bit gaming market, with 30,000 consoles sold, which was 75% of that market. Much of the credit went to disk piracy, which Stone Group promised to fight.

In March 1997, it started test sales from authorized retailers in Tianjin, Beijing and shipped nationwide for ¥2,400 with 4-disc included.[32]Many titles were ship immediately or shortly after their Japanese release. Sonic Jam was the first game with Chinese instructions and was released same day as Japan[33].

At the end of 1996, the Virtua Fighter 2 championship was held, but the event was poorly promoted. In the following year, more advertised Beijing 97 Spring VR Fighter Conference was held in three arcade showrooms in Beijing, sponsored by Stone Group and Sega Huahan Culture Entertainment. The final took place on May 25, 1997 and the main prize was a Sega Saturn with the game Virtua Fighter 2[34][35].

On July 3, 1997, the trial sales period ended and Sega launched the Saturn in locations nationwide. Show rooms have been created in major cities to present their products. The plan was to sell 40,000 Saturns in the first year and the company's goal was annual sales of 70,000–80,000 units[36][37].

By the end of the year, Sega was not satisfied with Stone Group's performance, although the console was, seen as a prize by Coca-Cola and in one of the television programs, which was unique for the consoles in that market[38]. They choose a second partner called Culture and Entertainment Co., Ltd (文化娱乐公司) associated with Shanghai Cultural Bureau Co., Ltd (上海文化局), which released the Saturn with a VCD player in January 1998 for ¥1500[39].

The idea of VCD player stick with Sega, which wanted to return on still growing 16-bit market of China. After Mega Drive discontinue in Asia, Chinese players complain about no new software available for system, even bootleg games released by pirates were few in numbers, and the demand for MD still did not decline. In October 1998, Sega formed a strategic alliance with Tianli to distribute Mega Drive VCD and DVD Players produced by U.M.C. The video games were distributed on discs with one containing multiple games in it. The system was well-known and recognizable, but the price of device was high (¥1799) and quickly pirated.

Sega PC games were distributed from 1998 by WayAhead and Federal Software Store[40].

Ban of consoles

One of the Li Cheng translation releases

The Hong Kong based Gameson Trading (中迅) was acting as distributor of Sega Dreamcast from 1999. During a conference on December 1, 2000, the distributor said that there were 100,000 Dreamcast owners in the country and Sega plan to sell another 100,000 next year.[41][42][43]. Sega.com Asia planned to launch localized internet service for Dreamcast, which was suppose to be available in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou until early 2001 but it's fate is unknown[44]. In June 2000, the Chinese government banned all consoles and arcade games in the country, however, this did not mean the end for the Dreamcast in China. Despite the "ban", this does not mean that the consoles have simply disappeared from China. These systems could normally be distributed in stores, but retailers were obligated to restrict very tightened trade and marketing regulations that varied from province, which meant that only the most experienced sellers remained so the gray market began to grow.

There were also regulations allowing console-like devices for normal distribution. After June 2000, Mega Drive clones were remodeled as educational computers with learning programmes in Chinese similary to famiclones (first Sega system with keyboard was New Star FDC-2000 released in China in early 1995 by Tianjing Newstar Electronics), because computers were still allowed by law. Another option were a clones disguised as VCD/DVD players. The more common thing of early 2000s was translation of MD games into Chinese language and Li Cheng was one of the companies dealing with it. From mid-2000s, due to the development of new technologies and portable consoles being allowed by law, MD clones appeared as handhelds like Mega Drive Portable, HG-806 and others. Sega also tried to use that law earlier, in Spring 2002, when Sega Toys announced that will began selling Pico in China[45], but the results are unknown. Other manufacturers also wanted to bypass the law, such as Nintendo selling their consoles as iQue under portable and educational brand and Sony as DVD player.

Present days

Arcade Portable, clone on a chip by AtGames

On June 6, 2001, Sega announced that it would enter the Chinese market with Matrix Interactive. Distribution of the games was planned to start on June 15, 2001. More than 13 games was scheduled to release this year alone and Sega wanted to sell 1.5 million games by June 2002 and own 10% of the Chinese games market.[46][47][48]

In May 2002, Sega established Sega of China called at the beginning "Sega (Shanghai) Software Co., Ltd". Despite that, Chinese division began real operations on August 3, 2004.[49] In the same day, Sega announced that it would enter the Chinese online gaming market. The IT service for Phantasy Star Online Blue Burst was to be provided by Zarva Digital Entertainment, for CTRace by Joyzone Networks, and for Shenmue Online by T2 Technology Holdings.[50] They also established Sega (China) Network Technology Co., Ltd which operated from October 2005 to May 2007[51].

In January 2005, Sega began to work with AtGames not only to distributed PC games, but also produce consoles to compete with pirates[52]. This was possible, due to the fact that plug & play video games were another group of systems allowed by law[53]. The AtGames machines were later distribute worldwide with approval of Sega. The ban of the consoles was lifted in 2015[54]. In the same year, AtGames ended distribution of Sega PC titles, but still produced consoles under license.

In 2008, Sega entered into an agreement with CE-Asia for the distribution of games in the Chinese market. Empire: Total War and Total War: Shogun 2 have been included in the top 10 most popular PC games in China[55]. After AtGames era, they took over all of the work and are still active in distribution of Sega games.

From 2009 to 2014, Sega used a joint venture company called Sega Jinwin to distribute arcade machines across country. They managed to get licenses from the government despite the still existing ban from 2000.

In 2013, Shanda Games released Chain Chronicle.[56]

In 2010s, Sega created Sega Asia which handle regional releases of games,[57] but not physical distribution.

References

  1. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B696%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/n170/mode/1up?view=theater
  2. ↑ https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2024/07/little-tyrant-revisited-a-brief-history-of-chinese-video-game-consoles/
  3. ↑ https://www.ign.com.cn/jiketang/33161/opinion/zou-jin-zhong-guo-jia-yong-you-xi-ji-bo-wu-guan-ji-ke-tang
  4. ↑ https://www.gcores.com/articles/99611
  5. ↑ https://www.ign.com.cn/jiketang/33161/opinion/zou-jin-zhong-guo-jia-yong-you-xi-ji-bo-wu-guan-ji-ke-tang
  6. ↑ New Sunday Times 1992-11-09 Battle for game machine market
  7. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210622072008/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/sega_starts_test_marketing_new_machine
  8. ↑ https://www.telecompaper.com/news/sega-to-test-market-mega-drive-machines--8854
  9. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20010724034423/http://www.sega.co.jp:80/sega_e/corp/kaisha/history.html
  10. ↑ "Sega forms China venture" The Business Times, 5 January 1995
  11. ↑ https://www.gcores.com/articles/128668
  12. ↑ https://archive.org/details/gamesoftware-magazine-1994-2001/1996%E5%B9%B401%E6%9C%88-12%E6%9C%88/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E7%AC%AC23%E6%9C%9F%201996.06/page/4/mode/2up
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B695%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%88%E7%BC%A9%E5%8D%B0%EF%BC%89/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater
  14. ↑ https://user.guancha.cn/main/content?id=153053
  15. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B695%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%88%E7%BC%A9%E5%8D%B0%EF%BC%89/page/n183/mode/1up?view=theater
  16. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B695%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%88%E7%BC%A9%E5%8D%B0%EF%BC%89/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater
  17. ↑ https://archive.org/details/gamesoftware-magazine-1994-2001/1996%E5%B9%B401%E6%9C%88-12%E6%9C%88/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E7%AC%AC21%E6%9C%9F%201996.04/page/n5/mode/1up
  18. ↑ https://archive.org/details/gamesoftware-magazine-1994-2001/1995%E5%B9%B401%E6%9C%88-12%E6%9C%88/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E7%AC%AC06%E6%9C%9F%201995.01/page/n38/mode/1up
  19. ↑ https://archive.org/details/gamesoftware-magazine-1994-2001/1996%E5%B9%B401%E6%9C%88-12%E6%9C%88/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E7%AC%AC26%E6%9C%9F%201996.09/page/2/mode/1up
  20. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210622234704/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/chinese_sega_pirate_punished
  21. ↑ https://www.telecompaper.com/news/police-seize-pirated-audiovisual-products--49954
  22. ↑ https://www.163.com/dy/article/GK3F1SSS0526FAFP.html
  23. ↑ https://www.telecompaper.com/news/govt-takes-action-against-piracy-of-sega-games--51523
  24. ↑ https://www.163.com/dy/article/GK3F1SSS0526FAFP.html
  25. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B695%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%88%E7%BC%A9%E5%8D%B0%EF%BC%89/page/n183/mode/1up?view=theater
  26. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B695%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%88%E7%BC%A9%E5%8D%B0%EF%BC%89/page/n183/mode/1up?view=theater
  27. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B696%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/n170/mode/1up?view=theater
  28. ↑ https://archive.org/details/jiayou-magazine/1994/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E4%B8%8E%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E6%9C%BA%20Vol.003%201994.10/mode/1up
  29. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B696%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/n173/mode/2up?view=theater
  30. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B697%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/n175/mode/2up?view=theater
  31. ↑ TV Game and PC Game 1/1997 page 80
  32. ↑ TV Game and PC Game 3/1997 page 80
  33. ↑ TV Game and PC Game 7/1997 page 79
  34. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B697%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater
  35. ↑ https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/66213649
  36. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B697%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater
  37. ↑ https://www.telecompaper.com/news/sega-to-sell-saturn-games-console--114366
  38. ↑ https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/70409703
  39. ↑ https://archive.org/details/game-software-93-02/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B698%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater
  40. ↑ Play! #1998-05 page 37
  41. ↑ https://www.scmp.com/article/320656/accession-segacom-gives-cheong-ming-lift
  42. ↑ https://archive.org/details/gpdc_20220313/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E5%BF%97GamePlayers%20DC%20VOL.001%20%5B2000.12.13%5D/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater
  43. ↑ https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1cPCrYeET2/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
  44. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20010208231942/http://www.sega.com.hk/b5/aboutsega/press3.htm
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140921201103/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-91099802.html
  46. ↑ https://www.highwaygames.com/arcade-news/sega-to-enter-chinese-game-software-market-in-june-351/
  47. ↑ https://edition.cnn.com/2001/BUSINESS/asia/06/07/tokyo.segainchina/
  48. ↑ http://tech.sina.com.cn/h/n/70171.shtml
  49. ↑ http://news.17173.com/content/2004-8-11/n413_329750.html
  50. ↑ https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040803005406/en/SEGA-Enters-China-Market-for-Online-Game-Business
  51. ↑ http://news.cctv.com/science/20070531/102260.shtml
  52. ↑ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/sega-expands-market-in-china-via-atgames/1100-6115888/
  53. ↑ https://kotaku.com/why-are-consoles-banned-in-china-5587577
  54. ↑ https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/25/9039995/china-ends-ban-on-video-game-consoles
  55. ↑ http://www.ceasia.cn/e-about.html
  56. ↑ https://www.techinasia.com/sega-hopes-to-take-chain-chronicles-across-asia-via-an-unexpected-partner
  57. ↑ https://www.siliconera.com/sega-established-singapore-branch-to-cover-southeast-asia/
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Africa
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